TY  - JOUR
T1  - Improving the mechanical and wear performance of AISI D2 steel with a cryogenic treatment
TT  - AISI D2 çeliğinin mekanik ve aşınma performansının kriyojenik işlemle iyileştirilmesi
AU  - Aydın, Hediye
PY  - 2025
DA  - April
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.35414/akufemubid.1497089
JF  - Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi
PB  - Afyon Kocatepe University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2149-3367
SP  - 423
EP  - 432
VL  - 25
IS  - 2
LA  - en
AB  - This research investigated the effect of cryogenic treatment on the notch impact strength, wear behaviour, microstructure, and hardness of AISI D2 steels. The study aimed to determine the impact of chemical composition and cryogenic treatment process on the material's mechanical properties. The samples prepared in the research were subjected to cryogenic treatment four times (12-48 hours) at -145°C and -196°C after heat treatment to achieve the desired mechanical improvement. Afterward, the specimens were tempered for an hour at two different temperatures, 200°C and 520°C. After cryogenic treatment, microhardness, microstructural investigations, wear, and notch impact tests were conducted and compared with the untreated material. Under optimum conditions, the cryogenic treatment caused a maximum increase of 4% in the microhardness of AISI D2 steels. After notch impact tests, the fracture energy of the material decreased at different rates in all groups except for the tempered sample with a holding time of 12 hours. Following cryogenic treatment at -196°C for 12 hours and then tempering at 520°C for 1 hour, the wear resistance of specimen D11 increased by up to 88%.
KW  - Cryogenic (sub-zero) treatment;
KW  - AISI D2 steel
KW  - hardness
KW  - impact resistance
KW  - abrasive wear
N2  - This research investigated the effect of cryogenic treatment on the notch impact strength, wear behaviour, microstructure, and hardness of AISI D2 steels. The study aimed to determine the impact of chemical composition and cryogenic treatment process on the material's mechanical properties. The samples prepared in the research were subjected to cryogenic treatment four times (12-48 hours) at -145°C and -196°C after heat treatment to achieve the desired mechanical improvement. Afterward, the specimens were tempered for an hour at two different temperatures, 200°C and 520°C. After cryogenic treatment, microhardness, microstructural investigations, wear, and notch impact tests were conducted and compared with the untreated material. Under optimum conditions, the cryogenic treatment caused a maximum increase of 4% in the microhardness of AISI D2 steels. After notch impact tests, the fracture energy of the material decreased at different rates in all groups except for the tempered sample with a holding time of 12 hours. Following cryogenic treatment at -196°C for 12 hours and then tempering at 520°C for 1 hour, the wear resistance of specimen D11 increased by up to 88%.
CR  - Akhbarizadeh, A., Shafyei, A. and Golozar, M.A., 2009. Effects of cryogenic treatment on wear behaviour of D6 tool steel, Material Design, 30, 3259-3264. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.11.016
CR  - Amini, K., Akhbarizadeh, A. and Javadpour, S., 2012. Investigating the effect of holding duration on the microstructure of 1.2080 tool steel during the deep cryogenic heat treatment, Vacuum, 86, 1534-1540. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2012.02.013
CR  - Arslan, F.K., 2010. The effect of subzero treatment temperature on the mechanical properties of cold work tool steels. PhD Thesis, Sakarya University Science Institute of Sciences , Sakarya, 308.
CR  - Baldisseara, P., Delprete, C., 2008. Deep cryogenic treatment: a bibliographic review. Open Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2,1-11. 
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X00802010001
CR  - Baldissera, P., 2009. Fatigue scatter reduction through deep cryogenic treatment on the 18NiCrMo5 carburized steel, Material Design, 30, 3636-3642. 
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.02.019
CR  - Bensely, A., Senthilkumar, D., Lal, D.M., Nagarajan, G. and Rajadurai, A., 2007. Effect of cryogenic treatment on tensile behavior of case carburized steel-815M17, Material Characterization, 58, 485-491. 
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matchar.2006.06.019
CR  - Bourithis, L., Papadimitriou, G., Sideris, J., 2006. Comparison of wear properties of tool steels AISI D2 and O1 with the same hardness, Tribology International,  39, 479–489. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2005.03.005
CR  - Carlson, E.,1991. Cold treating and cryogenic treatment of steel, ASM Int., ASM Handbook, 4A, 203-206.
Cho, K.T., Lee, Y.K. and Lee, W.B., 2015. Wear behaviour of AISI D2 steel by enhanced ion nitriding with atomic attrition, Tribology International, 87,82-90
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.02.020
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Collins, D. N., Dormer, J., 1997. Deep cryogenic treatment of a D2 cold-work tool steel, Heat Treatment of Metals, 3, 71–74.
CR  - Das, D., Dutta, A.K. and Ray, K.K., 2009. Influence of varied cryotreatment on the wear behavior of AISI D2 steel, Wear, 266, 297-309. 
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.wear.2008.07.001.
CR  - Das, D., Dutta, A.K. and Ray, K.K., 2009. Sub-zero treatments of AISI D2 steel: Part I. Microstructure and hardness, Material Science Engineering A, 527, 2182-2193. 
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.msea.2009.10.070
CR  - Das, D., Dutta, A.K. and Ray, K.K., 2010. Sub-zero treatments of AISI D2 steel: Part I. Microstructure and hardness, Material Science Engineering A, 527, 2182-2193.  
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.10.070
CR  - Das, D., Dutta, A.K. and Ray, K.K., 2010. Sub-zero treatments of AISI D2 steel: Part II. Wear behaviour, Material Science Engineering A, 527, 2194–2206, 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.10.071
CR  - Das, D., Ray, K.K., 2012. Structure–property correlation of sub-zero treated AISI D2 steel, Material Science Engineering A, 541, 45-60. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.01.130.
CR  - Dhokey, N.B., Thakur, C., Ghosh, P., 2020. Influence of intermediate cryogenic treatment on the microstructural transformation and shift in wear mechanism in AISI D2 steel, Tribology Transactions, 64, 91-100. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2020.1804652
CR  - Gill, S.S., Singh, J., Singh, R. and Singh, H.,2011. Effect of cryogenic treatment on AISI M2 high speed steel: metallurgical and mechanical characterization, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 21, 1320-1326.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0032-z
CR  - Guney, F., & Kam, M., 2022. Investigation of the Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of AISI 8620 (20NiCrMo2) Steel, Manufacturing Technologies and Applications, 3(2), 22-31. 
https://doi.org/10.52795/mateca.1137112
CR  - Güney, F., et al. 2022. Investigation of the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment with Different Holding Times on the Corrosion Behavior of Case-Hardened Steel. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Journal of Science, 9(2) 703-712.
CR  - Huang, J.Y., et al., 2003. Microstructure of cryogenic treated M2 tool steel, Material Science Engineering A, 339, 241-244. 
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00165-X
CR  - Korade, D.N., et al.2017. Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on tribological behaviour of D2 tool steel-an experimental investigation, Materials Today: Proceedings, 4, 7665-7673. 
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.07.100
CR  - Lal, D. M., Renganarayanan, S., Kalanidhi, A., 2001. Cryogenic treatment to augment wear resistance of tool and die steels, Cryogenics, 41, 149-155. 
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0011-2275(01)00065-0
CR  - Meng, F., Tagashira, K., Azuma, R. and Sohma, H.,1994. Role of eta-carbide precipitations in the wear resistance improvements of Fe-12Cr-Mo-V-1.4C tool steel by cryogenic treatment. ISIJ International, 34, 205–210.  
https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.34.205
CR  - Molinari A., et al., 2001. Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Tool Steels, Journal of Materials Process Tecnology, 118, 350–355.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00973-6
CR  - Moscoso, M. F. C., et.al., 2020. Effects of cooling parameter and cryogenic treatment on microstructure and fracture toughness of AISI D2 tool steel, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 29, 7929-7939. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05285-9
CR  - Pillai, N., Karthikeyan, R., Davim, J. P.,2017. A Review on Effects of Cryogenic Treatment of AISI 'D' Series Cold Working Tool Steels, Reviews on Advanced Material Science, 51, 149-159.
CR  - Rhyim, Y.M., et al. 2006. Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on carbide precipitation and mechanical properties of tool steel, Solid State Phenomena, 118, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.118.9
CR  - Serna, M. M., et.al, 2006. An overview of the microstructures present in high-speed steel-carbides crystallography, Materials Science Forum, 530, 48-52. 
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.530-531.48
CR  - Senel, Serdar, et al, 2021. Investigation of the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of AISI 430 Steels After Deep Cryogenic Treatment, Eurasian Journal of Science and Technology, 32, 1000-1005. 
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1039413
CR  - Singh, K., et al. 2015. Microstructure evolution and abrasive wear behavior of D2 steel, Wear, 328, 206-216. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.019
CR  - Villa, M, et.al. (2018). Effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure and properties of D2 tool steel. 25th Congress of International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering. Xian, China, 1-2
Yun, D., Xiaoping, L., Hongshen, X., 1998. Deep cryogenic treatment of high-speed steel and its mechanism, Heat Treatment Materials, 3, 55-59.
CR  - Zhirafar, S., Rezaeian, A., Pugh, M., 2007. Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 186, 298-303. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.12.046
CR  - Zhirafar, S, 2005. Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of steel and aluminum alloys, Thesis Master of Applied Science, Concordia University Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Canada, 119.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1497089
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3987611
ER  -