TY - JOUR T1 - “Who Cares Best for the Child?” Grandmothers’ Interactions with Mothers in Childcare TT - “Çocuğa En İyi Kim Bakar?” Çocuk Bakımında Büyükannelerin Annelerle Etkileşimleri AU - Con Wright, Gülçin PY - 2025 DA - May Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.33708/ktc.1497989 JF - Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi JO - KTC PB - Nurşen ADAK WT - DergiPark SN - 2636-7998 SP - 1 EP - 23 VL - 8 IS - 1 LA - en AB - Childcare is regarded as a family business in Turkey, especially due to the lack of public services and the political discourses around ‘familialism.’ Childcare responsibilities create a major obstacle for women, resulting in very low female economic participation in the country. In this context, grandmothers are usually asked to step into the role of caregiver for their grandchildren to support their daughters’ and daughters-in-law’s participation in the workforce. Yet, contemporary mothers have a drastically different approach to childrearing compared to their own mothers or mothers-in-law. This study explores how these intergenerational differences in childrearing ideals and practices play into the childcare experiences by examining qualitative data derived from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 older grandmothers who were caring for their grandchildren under the age of six. The findings revealed that the grandmother-mother interactions on childcare tasks and childrearing methods fall into three categories: mothers knowing best, complete trust in grandmothers, and conflictual relationships. This study shows how intergenerational differences regarding childrearing can create conflict between mothers and grandmothers, and thus complicating childcare arrangements. Therefore, social policies should consider that childcare arrangements involve multiple actors with potentially different ideas about what is best for the child’s well-being. KW - grandchild care KW - intergenerational coparenting KW - grandmother-mother interactions KW - childrearing N2 - Türkiye'de çocuk bakımı, özellikle kamu hizmetlerinin eksikliği ve 'ailecilik' temelli siyasi söylemler sonucu bir aile işi olarak görülmektedir. Çocuk bakımı sorumlulukları kadınlar için büyük bir engel oluşturmakta ve ülkede kadınların ekonomiye katılımının çok düşük olmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda kızlarının ve gelinlerinin işgücüne katılımını desteklemek için genellikle büyükannelerden torunlarının bakımını üstlenmeleri beklenir. Ancak günümüz annelerinin çocuk yetiştirme konusunda kendi anneleri veya kayınvalidelerinden çok farklı bir yaklaşıma sahip olması söz konusudur. Bu çalışma, çocuk yetiştirme idealleri ve uygulamalarındaki kuşaklararası farklılıkların, Türkiye'deki çocuk bakımı deneyimlerini nasıl etkilediğini, altı yaşın altı torunlarına bakan 20 yaşlı büyükanneyle yapılan derinlemesine yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerden elde edilen nitel veriler üzerinden araştırmaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları, çocuk bakımı görevleri ve çocuk yetiştirme yöntemleri konusuna dair büyükanneler ve anneler arasındaki etkileşimlerin şu üç kategoriye ayrıldığını ortaya çıkarmıştır: annelerin en iyisini bilmesi, büyükannelere tam güven ve çatışmalı ilişkiler. Bu çalışma, çocuk yetiştirmeyle ilgili kuşaklararası farklılıkların anneler ve büyükanneler arasında nasıl çatışma yaratabileceğini ve dolayısıyla çocuk bakımı düzenlemelerini nasıl karmaşık hale getirebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle sosyal politikalar, çocuk bakımının çocuğun refahı için neyin en iyi olduğu konusunda farklı fikirlere sahip birden fazla aktörü içerdiğini dikkate almalıdır. CR - Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı (ASHB). (2017, February). ‘Büyükanne Projesi’ Nedir? Retrieved on April 27, 2024, from https://www.aile.gov.tr/ksgm/haberler/buyukanne-projesi-nedir/ CR - Akalin, A. (2007). Hired as a Caregiver, Demanded as a Housewife: Becoming a Migrant Domestic Worker in Turkey. European Journal of Women's Studies, 14(3), 209-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506807079011 CR - Akçay, S., Bayyar, A. B., Koca, E., & Sarıoğlu, S. (2024). The Reflections of Grandmothers’ Care on Mothers’ Child-Rearing Practices. Journal of Social Service Research, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2024.2341861 CR - Akçay, S., & Koca, E. (2024). Nitel Araştırmalarda Veri Doygunluğu. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(3), 829-848. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1423415 CR - Akkan, B. (2018). The Politics of Care in Turkey: Sacred Familialism in a Changing Political Context. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 25(1), 72-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx011 CR - Alabay, E., & Ersal, H. (2022). Çocukların Problem Davranışlarında Annelerin ve Büyükannelerin Tepkilerinin Incelenmesi. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 9(1), 120-150. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.940973 CR - Aybars, A. İ., Beşpınar, F. U., & Kalaycıoğlu, H. S. (2018). Familialization of care arrangements in Turkey: questioning the social inclusion of ‘the invisible’. Research and Policy on Turkey, 3(2), 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/23760818.2018.1517447 CR - Bai, X., Chen, M., He, R., & Xu, T. (2023). Toward an Integrative Framework of Intergenerational Coparenting within Family Systems a Scoping Review. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 15(1), 78-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12478 CR - Bektas, G., Boelsma, F., Gündüz, M., Klaassen, E. N., Seidell, J. C., Wesdorp, C. L., & Dijkstra, S. C. (2022). A Qualitative Study on the Perspectives of Turkish Mothers and Grandmothers in the Netherlands Regarding the Influence of Grandmothers on Health Related Practices in the First 1000 Days of a Child’s Life. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1364. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13768-8 CR - Birchall, J., & Holt, A. (2023). Who Cares? The Grandmother Kinship Carers Shouldering the Burden within a Gendered Care Economy. Journal of Women & Aging, 35(5), 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2022.2135339 CR - Bordone, V., Arpino, B., & Aassve, A. (2016). Patterns of Grandparental Child Care across Europe: The Role of the Policy Context and Working Mothers’ Need. Ageing and Society, 37(4), 845–873. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1600009X CR - Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Doing. Sage Publications. CR - Can, B. (2019). Caring for Solidarity? The Intimate Politics of Grandmother Childcare and Neoliberal Conservatism in Urban Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 60(1), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2019.4 CR - Cantillon, S., Moore, E., & Teasdale, N. (2021). COVID-19 and the Pivotal role of Grandparents: Childcare and income Support in the UK and South Africa. Feminist Economics, 27(1-2), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1860246 CR - Con Wright, G. (2022). Grandmothers' Agency in Care of Grandchildren during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey. In Older Women in Europe (pp. 171-189). Routledge. CR - Çelik, K., Beşpinar, F. U., & Erten, E. (2023). Türkiye’de Çocuk Bakıcılarının Ebeveynle İlişkisellik Ekseninde Şekillenen Bakım Emeği Deneyimleri. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 43(1), 68-83. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.1.0034 CR - Dallimore, E. J. (2000). A feminist response to issues of validity in research. Women's Studies in Communication, 23(2), 157-181. CR - Di Gessa, G., Glaser, K., Price, D., Ribe, E. & Tinker, A. (2016). What Drives National Differences in Intensive Grandparental Childcare in Europe? Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(1), 141– 153. https://doi.org/10.1093/ger onb/gbv 007 CR - Dolbin‐MacNab, M. L. (2006). Just Like Raising Your Own Grandmothers’ Perceptions of Parenting a Second Time Around. Family Relations, 55(5), 564-575. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40005353 CR - Kanji, S. (2018). Grandparent Care: A Key Factor in Mothers’ Labour Force Participation in the UK. Journal of Social Policy, 47(3), 523-542. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004727941700071X CR - Lee, J., & Bauer, J. W. (2013). Motivations for Providing and Utilizing Child Care by Grandmothers in South Korea. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(2), 381-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12014 CR - Lo, S. K. W., & Lindsay, J. (2022). “My children,” “my grandchildren”: Navigating Intergenerational Ambivalence in Grandparent Childcare Arrangements in Hong Kong. Family Relations, 71(4), 1834-1851. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12678 CR - Margolis, R., & Wright, L. (2017). Healthy Grandparenthood: How Long Is It, and How Has It Changed? Demography, 54(6), 2073-2099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0620-0 CR - Marhankova, J. H. (2019). ‘I want (to be) an active grandmother’– Activity as a New Normative Framework of Subjective Meanings and Expectations Associated with the Grandmother Role. Ageing & Society, 39(8), 1667-1690. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X18000223 CR - Özateş Gelmez, S. Ö. (2015). Ailevileştirilen Bakımın Kürek Mahkûmları: Evde Bakım Uygulaması Kapsamında Bakım Veren Kadınların Deneyimleri. Fe Dergi, 7(2), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000143 CR - Qi, X. (2018). Floating Grandparents: Rethinking Family Obligation and Intergenerational Support. International Sociology, 33(6), 761-777. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580918792777 CR - Reid, J., Schmied, V., & Beale, B. (2010). ‘I only give advice if I am asked’: Examining the Grandmother's Potential to Influence Infant Feeding Decisions and Parenting Practices of New Mothers. Women and Birth, 23(2), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2009.12.001 CR - Sengul, Z. K., Salik, H., Başaran, F., & Duru, P. (2023). Intergenerational Exploration of Traditional Practices Affecting Child Health: a Phenomenological Study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 73, e461-e468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2023.10.016 CR - Sjöberg, M., & Bertilsdotter-Rosqvist, H. (2017). Who is the Mother? Exploring the Meaning of Grandparental Support in Young Swedish Mothers’ Narratives. Feminism & Psychology, 27(3), 318-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353516685343 CR - Small, M. L., & Calarco, J. M. (2022). Qualitative Literacy: A Guide to Evaluating Ethnographic and Interview Research. University of California Press. CR - Stapley, E., O’Keeffe, S., & Midgley, N. (2022). Developing typologies in qualitative research: The use of ideal-type analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221100633 CR - Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., ... & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & quantity, 52, 1893-1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 CR - Tai, T. O., & Tu, H. C. (2021). The Effect of Grandparental Care on Men’s and Women’s Parenting Practices in Taiwan. Journal of Population Ageing, 14(4), 465-485. CR - Taşkın, M., & Akçay, S. (2019). Torunlarına Bakan Büyükannelerin Deneyimlerine Ilişkin Nitel Bir Araştırma. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 30(2), 583-606. CR - Thang, L. L., Mehta, K., Usui, T., & Tsuruwaka, M. (2011). Being a Good Grandparent: Roles and Expectations in Intergenerational Relationships in Japan and Singapore. Marriage & Family Review, 47(8), 548-570. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2011.619303 CR - Tracy, E. M., Braxton, R., Henrich, C., Jeanblanc, A., Wallace, M., Burant, C. J., & Musil, C. (2022). Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren: Managing, Balancing and Maintaining Family Relationships. Journal of Women & Aging, 34(6), 757-772. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2021.1951114 CR - Tunca, A., & Durmuş, E. (2019). Büyükannelerin Torun Büyütme Yaşantılarının İncelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, (41), 209–226. https://doi.org/10.21497/sefad.586615 CR - Turkstat. (2021). Türkiye Aile Yapısı Araştırması (Turkish Family Structure Survey). Retrieved on April 28, 2024, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Aile-Yapisi-Arastirmasi-2021-45813 CR - Uğur, S. B. (2018a). Torun Bakım Faaliyetinin Bakım Sağlayıcı Büyükannelerin Sağlık Durumları Üzerindeki Etkisi. Antalya: Mediterranean Journal of Humanities Dergisi, 8(1), 399-415. CR - Uğur, S. (2018b). Geçmişten Günümüze Şekillenen Çocukluk Algısı ve Çocuk Yetiştirme Pratikleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(45), 227-247. CR - Wang, J., & Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J. (2021). The Roles of Mothers' Perceptions of Grandmothers' Gatekeeping and Fathers' Parenting Competence in Maternal Gatekeeping. Family Relations, 70(5), 1435-1448. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12569 CR - Zegers, M., & Reynolds, S. A. (2022). Mothers’ and Grandmothers’ Caregiving for Young Children in Chile Roles and Responsibilities. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(8), 1285. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000984 UR - https://doi.org/10.33708/ktc.1497989 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3991561 ER -