TY - JOUR T1 - A Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network for Classification of Brain Tumors Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging AU - Özatılgan, Alper AU - Kaya, Mahir PY - 2024 DA - December Y2 - 2024 DO - 10.35377/saucis...1518139 JF - Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences JO - SAUCIS PB - Sakarya University WT - DergiPark SN - 2636-8129 SP - 482 EP - 493 VL - 7 IS - 3 LA - en AB - The brain, which controls important vital functions such as vision, hearing and movement, negatively affects our lives when it is sick. Of these diseases, the deadliest is undoubtedly the brain tumor, which can occur in all age groups and can be benign or malignant. Therefore, early diagnosis and prognosis are very important. Magnetic Resonance (MR) images are used for the detection and treatment of brain tumor types. Successful results in the detection of diseases from medical images with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) depend on the optimum creation of the number of layers and other hyper-parameters. In this study, we propose a CNN model that will achieve the highest accuracy with the least number of layers. A public data set consisting of 4 different classes (Meningioma, Glioma, Pituitary and Normal) obtained for use in the training of CNN models was trained and tested with 50 different deep learning models designed, and a better result was obtained when compared with the existing studies in the literature with 99.47% accuracy and 99.44% F1 score values. KW - Lightweight model KW - Brain tumor classification KW - Convolutional neural network KW - Deep learning CR - R. Singh, C. Prabha, S. Kumari, K. Murugan, M. R. Veeramanickam and T. Singh, “Accuracy Enhancement in Detecting Pituitary Tumors Using Deep Learning,” In 2023 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application (ICSCNA), pp:1067-1072, IEEE, 2023 CR - L. Thau, V. Reddy, and P. Singh, “Anatomy, central nervous system,” In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2022 CR - B-L. Isabelle et al, “The Global Brain Health Survey: Development of a Multi-Language Survey of Public Views on Brain Health,” Front. Public Health, Sec. Public Health Education and Promotion, Vol:8, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00387, 2020 CR - J. Cahill, G. LoBiondo‐Wood, N. Bergstrom, and T. Armstrong, “Brain tumor symptoms as antecedents to uncertainty: An integrative review,” Journal of Nursing Scholarship, vol. 44, no. 2, pp:145-155, 2012 CR - J. S. Barnholtz-Sloan, Q. T. Ostrom, D. Cote, “Epidemiology of Brain Tumors,” Neurologic Clinics, Vol. 36, Issue 3, pp:395-419, 2018 CR - A-R. Fathi and U. Roelcke, “Meningioma,” Neuro-Oncology (Le Abrey, Section Editor) Curr Neurol Neurosci, Vol. 13, no.337, Doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0337-4, 2013 CR - J. Wiemels, M. Wrensch and E. B. Claus, “Epidemiology and Etiology of Meningioma,” Invited Review, J Neurooncol, Vol. 99, pp:307-314, Doi: 10.1007/s11060-010-0386-3, 2010 CR - C. Apra, M. Peyre and M. Kalamarides, “Current Treatment Options for Meningioma,” Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, HAL Open Science, Vol. 18, no. 3, pp:241-249, 2018 CR - A.S. Modrek, N.S. Bayin and D.G. Placantonakis, “Brain Stem Cells as the Cell of Origin in Glioma,” World J Stem Cells, Vol. 6, no. 1, pp:43-52, 2014 CR - N. A. O. Bush, S. M. Chang and M. S. Berger, “Current and Future Strategies for Treatment of Glioma,” Neurosurg Rev, vol. 40, pp:1-14, 2017 CR - S. D. Muhammad and Z. Kobti, “An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Enhanced Classification of Pituitary Tumors,” In 2023 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, IEEE, p: 427-432, 2023 CR - A. M. Gab Allah, A. M. Sarhan and N. M. Elshennawy, “Classification of brain MRI tumor images based on deep learning PGGAN Augmentation,” Diagnostics, Vol. 11, no. 12, 2021 CR - M. K. Abd-Ellah, A. I. Awad, A. A. Khalaf and H. F. Hamed, “A review on brain tumor diagnosis from MRI images: Practical implications, key achievements, and lessons learned,” Magnetic resonance imaging, Vol. 61, pp: 300-318, 2019 CR - S. A. Yazdan, R. Ahmad, N. Iqbal, A. Rizwan, A. N. Khan, and D. H. Kim, "An efficient multi-scale convolutional neural network based multi-class brain MRI classification for SaMD," Tomography, Vol. 8, no. 4, pp:1905-1927, 2022 CR - M. R. Ismael and I. Abdel-Qader, “Brain Tumor Classification via Statistical Features and Back-Propagation Neural Network,” 2018 IEEE Uluslararası Elektro/Bilgi Teknolojisi Konferansı, 2018. CR - A. Pashaei, H. Sajedi and N. Jazayeri, “Brain Tumor Classification via Convolutional Neural Network and Extreme Learning Machines,” ICCKE2018, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, pp: 314-319 CR - S. Deepak, P.M. Ameer, “Brain tumor classification using deep CNN features via transfer learning,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, ELSEVIER, 2019 CR - Z. N. K. Swati, Q. Zhao, M. Kabir, F. Ali, S. Ahmed and J. Lu, “Brain Tumor Classification for MR Images Using Transfer Learning and Fine-Tuning,” Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, ELSEVIER, 2019 CR - H. H. Sultan, N. M. Salem and W. Al-Atabany, “Multi-classification of brain tumor images using deep neural network,” IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp:69215–69225, 2019 CR - N. Ghassemi, A. Shoeibi and M. Rouhani, “Deep neural network with generative adversarial networks pre-training for brain tumor classification based on MR images,” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Elsevier, 2020 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2019.101678 CR - R. Hashemzehi, S. J. S. Mahdavi, M. Kheirabadi and S. R. Kamel, “Detection of brain tumors from MRI images base on deep learning using hybrid model CNN and NADE,” Biocybernetics And Biomedical Engineering, Elsevier, pp: 1225-1232, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2020.06.001, 2020 CR - K. Kaplan, Y. Kaya, M. Kuncan and H. M. Ertunç, “Brain tumor classification using modified local binary patterns (LBP) feature extraction methods,” Medical Hypotheses, Elsevier, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109696 , 2020 CR - A. Rehman, S. Naz, M. I. Razzak, F. Akram, and M. Imran, “A deep learning based framework for automatic brain tumors classification using transfer learning,” Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, Vol. 39, no. 2, pp:757–775, doi:10.1007/S00034-019-01246-3/TABLES/8, 2020 CR - W. Ayadi, W. Elhamzi, I. Charfı and M. Atrl, “Deep CNN for Brain Tumor Classification,” Neural Processing Letters, Springer, Vol. 53, pp:671-700, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-020-10398-2 , 2021 CR - E. U. Haq, H. Jianjun, K. Li, H. U. Haq and T. Zhang, “An MRI‑based deep learning approach for efficient classification of brain tumors,” Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, Springer, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03535-9 , 2023 CR - S. R. Sowrirajan, S. Balasubramanian and R. S. P. Raj, “MRI Brain Tumor Classification Using a Hybrid VGG16-NADE Model,” Article-Engineering, Technology and Techniques, BABT, Vol. 66 doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2023220071 ,2022 CR - D. R. Yerukalareddy and E. Pavlovskiy, “Brain Tumor Classification Based on MR Images Using Gan as a Pre-trained Model,” IEEE Ural-Siberian Conference On Computational Technologies in Cognitive Science, Genomics And Biomedicine (CSGB), pp:380-384, doi: 10.1109/CSGB53040.2021.9496036, 2021 CR - H. Kibriya, M. Masood, M. Nawaz, T. Nazir, “Multiclass classification of brain tumors using a novel CNN architecture,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, SPRINGER, Vol. 81, pp:29847-29863, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12977-y ,2022 CR - A. A. Nasiri et al, “Block-Wise Neural Network for Brain Tumor Identification in Magnetic Resonance Images,” Computers, Materials & Continua, Tech Science Press, Vol. 73, no.3, pp: 5735-5753, doi: 10.32604/cmc.2022.03174, 2022 CR - M. Kaya, and Y. Çetin-Kaya, “A novel ensemble learning framework based on a genetic algorithm for the classification of pneumonia,” Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 133, no. 108494, 2024 CR - M. Kaya and Y. Çetin-Kaya, “A Novel Deep Learning Architecture Optimization for Multiclass Classification of Alzheimer’s Disease Level,” IEEE Access, 2024 CR - M. Kaya, “Bayesian Optimization-based CNN Framework for Automated Detection of Brain Tumors,” Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp:395-404, 2023 CR - Y. Çetin-Kaya and M. Kaya, “A Novel Ensemble Framework for Multi-Classification of Brain Tumors Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Diagnostics, Vol. 14, no. 4, 2024 CR - https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/masoudnickparvar/brain-tumor-mri-dataset CR - K. O’Shea and R. Nash, “An Introduction to Convolutional Neural Networks,” arXiv: 1511.08458v2, 2015 CR - E. Cengil and A. Çınar, “A New Approach For Image Classification: Convolutional Neural Network,” Europan Journal of Technic, INESEG, Vol 6, Num 2, pp: 96-103, 2016 CR - E. Ö. YILMAZ and T. KAVZOĞLU, “Derin Öğrenmenin Temel Prensipleri ve Uzaktan Algılama Alanındaki Uygulamaları,” Harita Dergisi, Vol. 166, pp. 25-43, 2021 CR - F. Özyurt, E. Sert, E. Avci, and E. Dogantekin, "Brain tumor detection based on Convolutional Neural Network with neutrosophic expert maximum fuzzy sure entropy," Measurement, Vol. 147, no. 106830, 2019 CR - Y. Lu, S. Yi, N. Zeng, Y. Liu and Y. Zhang, “Identification of rice diseases using deep convolutional neural networks,” Neurocomputing, Elsevier, Vol. 267, pp:378-384, 2017 CR - R. Yamashita, M. Nishio, R. K. G. Do and K. Togashi, “Convolutional Neural Networks: An Overview and Application in Radiology,” Insights Into Imaging, Vol. 9, no. 4, pp:611-629, 2018 CR - I. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio, A. Courville, “Deep learning,” MIT Press, 2016 CR - W. Hao, W. Yizhou, L. Yaqin and S. Zhili, “The Role of Activation Function in CNN,” Proceedings, 2020 2nd International Conference on Information Technology and Computer Application, ITCA, pp:429-432, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITCA52113.2020.00096, 2020 CR - B. Singh, S. Patel, A. Vijavvargiya and R. Kumar, “Analyzing the Impact of Activation Functions on the Performance of the Data-Driven Gait Model,” Results in Engineering, Vol. 18, 2023 CR - S. Sharma, S. Sharma and A. Athaiya, “Activation Functions in Neural Networks,” International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, Vol. 4 no. 12, pp:310-316, 2020 CR - S. R. Dubey, S. K. Singh and B. B. Chaudhuri, “Activation functions in deep learning: A comprehensive survey and benchmark,” Neurocomputing, Vol. 503, 92-108, 2022 CR - Bayram F., “Derin Öğrenme Tabanlı Otomatik Plaka Tanıma,” Politeknik Dergisi, Vol. 23, no. 4, pp:955-960, 2020 CR - N. Srivastava, G. Hinton, A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, R. Salakhutdinov, “Dropout: A Simple Way to Prevent Neural Networks from Overfitting,” Journal of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 15, no. 2014, pp:1929-1958, 2014 CR - K. Liu, G. Kang, N. Zhang and B. Hou, "Breast cancer classification based on fully-connected layer first convolutional neural networks,", IEEE Access, Vol. 6, pp:23722-23732, 2018 CR - Y. LeCun, Y. Bengio, and G. Hinton, "Deep learning," nature, Vol. 521, no. 7553, pp:436-444, 2015 Article Information Form UR - https://doi.org/10.35377/saucis...1518139 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4079043 ER -