TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cross-Cultural Perspective on Family Resilience: Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of Family Resilience Scale Short Form
AU  - Önal, Gözde
AU  - Güney Yılmaz, Güleser
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.17066/tpdrd.1537931
JF  - Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal
PB  - Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Association
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1302-1370
SP  - 610
EP  - 623
VL  - 15
IS  - 78
LA  - en
AB  - The Family Resilience Scale Short Form (FRS-16) captures essential elements and fundamental processes of family resilience, serving as a tool for cross-cultural research and therapy outcome assessment. This study aims to adapt and validate the Turkish version of FRS-16 among university students. A total of 430 university students participated, with a mean age of 20.94 years. The Beaton's six-stage translation method was employed to culturally adapt the scale and assess its psychometric properties. Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted to establish Construct Validity. Concurrent validity was evaluated using the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) alongside FRS-16. Reliability assessment employed Cronbach's Alpha (α), McDonald's omega (ω), and Two Half Test Reliability methods to measure internal consistency. EFA results revealed three sub-dimensions like the original FRS-16: "communication and connectedness," "positive framing," and "external resources." Turkish FRS-16 and its sub-dimensions were significantly related to BRS (p
KW  - family resilience
KW  - family communication
KW  - social support
KW  - positive framing
KW  - psychometry
CR  - Baris, V. K., & Seren Intepeler, S. (2019). Cross‐cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the Self‐Efficacy for Preventing Falls‐Nurse. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(8), 1791-1800. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12878
CR  - Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
CR  - Black, K., & Lobo, M. (2008). A conceptual review of family resilience factors. Journal of Family Nursing, 14(1), 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840707312237
CR  - Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? The American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
CR  - Chen, X., Luo, L., Jiang, L., Shi, L., Yang, L., Zeng, Y., Li, F., & Li, L. (2021). Development of the nurse's communication ability with angry patients scale and evaluation of its psychometric properties. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(6), 2700–2708. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14788
CR  - Cho, E. (2021). Neither Cronbach's Alpha nor McDonald's Omega: A commentary on Sijtsma and Pfadt. Psychometrika, 86(4), 877–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-021-09801-1
CR  - Chow, T. S., Tang, C. S. K., Siu, T. S. U., & Kwok, H. S. H. (2022). Family Resilience Scale Short Form (FRS-16): Validation in the US and Chinese samples. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 845803. 
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.845803
CR  - Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013). A first course in factor analysis. Routledge.
CR  - Çokluk Bökeoğlu, Ö., & Koçak, D. (2016). Using Horn's parallel analysis method in exploratory factor analysis for determining the number of factors. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16(2), 537-551. 
https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2016.2.0328
CR  - Dinno, A. (2009). Implementing Horn's parallel analysis for principal component analysis and factor analysis. The Stata Journal, 9(2), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0900900207
CR  - Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
CR  - Duncan, J. M., Garrison, M. E., & Killian, T. S. (2021). Measuring family resilience: Evaluating the Walsh family resilience questionnaire. The Family Journal, 29(1), 80-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480720956641
CR  - Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
CR  - Güngör, H. C. (2014). Aile Yılmazlığı Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin Türkçe'ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Journal of Turkish Studies, 9(5), 651-667.
CR  - Hillaker, B. D., Brophy‐Herb, H. E., Villarruel, F. A., & Haas, B. E. (2008). The contributions of parenting to social competencies and positive values in middle school youth: Positive family communication, maintaining standards, and supportive family relationships. Family Relations, 57(5), 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00525.x
CR  - Holton III, E. F., Bates, R. A., Bookter, A. I., & Yamkovenko, V. B. (2007). Convergent and divergent validity of the learning transfer system inventory. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(3), 385-419. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1210
CR  - Ledesma, R. D., & Valero-Mora, P. (2019). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: An easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 12(1), 2.
CR  - Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Lou, F., & Cao, F. (2016). Psychometric properties of the shortened Chinese version of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 2710-2717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0432-7
CR  - Malkewitz, C. P., Schwall, P., Meesters, C., & Hardt, J. (2023). Estimating reliability: A comparison of Cronbach's α, McDonald's ωt, and the greatest lower bound. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 7(1), 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100368
CR  - Nickerson, A. B., & Fishman, C. (2009). Convergent and divergent validity of the Devereux Student Strengths Assessment. School Psychology Quarterly, 24(1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015147
CR  - O'Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03200807
CR  - Önal, G., Huri, M., Karakükçü, M., & Demir, H. A. (2023). The Resilience Scale for Parents of Children with Cancer: Scale development and psychometric evaluation. Psycho-Oncology, 32(6), 951–960. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.6137
CR  - Qiu, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Ren, L., Jiang, H., Zhang, L., & Dong, C. (2021). The role of socioeconomic status, family resilience, and social support in predicting psychological resilience among Chinese maintenance hemodialysis patients. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 723344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.723344
CR  - Sikka Kainth, J., & Verma, H. V. (2011). Consumption values: Scale development and validation. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 8(2), 285-300.
CR  - Sixbey, M. T. (2005). Development of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale to Identify Family Resilience Constructs (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida).
CR  - Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
CR  - Theiss, J. A. (2018). Family communication and resilience. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(1), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1426706
CR  - Walsh, F. (1996). The concept of family resilience: Crisis and challenge. Family Process, 35(3), 261-281.
CR  - Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A framework for clinical practice. Family Process, 42(1), 1-18.
CR  - Walsh, F. (2016). Family resilience: A developmental systems framework. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(3), 313-324.
CR  - Webb, C. A., Schwab, Z. J., Weber, M., DelDonno, S., Kipman, M., Weiner, M. R., & Killgore, W. D. (2013). Convergent and divergent validity of integrative versus mixed model measures of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 41(3), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.01.004
CR  - Winslow, E., Sandler, I., & Wolchik, S. (2005). Building resilience in all children: Resilience as a process. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 337-356). Springer.
CR  - Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
UR  - https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1537931
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4165998
ER  -