TY  - JOUR
T1  - Investigation of Referee Self-Efficacy Levels of Football in the 2nd Region of Turkey Football Federation
TT  - Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu 2. Bölge Futbol Hakemlerinin Özyeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
AU  - Altundağ, Emre
AU  - Duran, İbrahim
PY  - 2024
DA  - December
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.56639/jsar.1541567
JF  - Journal of Sport for All and Recreation
JO  - JSAR
PB  - Akan BAYRAKDAR
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2687-6027
SP  - 404
EP  - 410
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
LA  - en
AB  - The aim of this study is to examine the referee self-efficacy (REFS) levels of 2nd region football referees working in the Turkish Football Federation league, based on variables such as gender, classification, refereeing experience, licensed football playing experience, and the province where they work. A total of 204 referees (21 women, 183 men) working as Provincial Referees, Regional Referees, and Regional Assistant Referees in the provinces of Kocaeli, Sakarya, Bursa, and Kütahya participated in the study. Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for data analysis. The findings showed that there was no significant difference in self-efficacy levels between referees who have played licensed football and those who have not; however, referees with licensed football experience had higher self-efficacy levels compared to those without. A significant difference was found in favor of male referees in terms of gender. The classification variable showed significant differences in physical competence, game knowledge, pressure, and overall REFS scores. Additionally, significant differences were detected in the pressure, decision-making, communication, and game knowledge sub-dimensions, as well as in overall REFS scores, based on refereeing experience. In terms of the province variable, a significant difference was found in the pressure sub-dimension. In conclusion, to enhance the self-efficacy levels of referees, customized training programs can be organized, especially for female referees and those who have not played licensed football. Additionally, regular training and supportive activities aimed at improving referees' physical competence, game knowledge, and decision-making skills under pressure should be planned. These programs could support the professional development of referees and improve their overall performance.
KW  - soccer referee
KW  - self efficacy
KW  - pressure
KW  - decision making
N2  - Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu liginde görev yapan 2.bölge futbol hakemlerinin özyeterlilik düzeylerini (HÖYÖ) cinsiyet, klasman durumu, hakemlik süresi, lisanslı futbol oynama durumu ve görev yapılan il gibi değişkenlere bağlı olarak incelemektir. Araştırmaya Kocaeli, Sakarya, Bursa ve Kütahya illerinde İl Hakemi, Bölgesel Hakem ve Bölgesel Yardımcı Hakem olarak görev yapan toplam 204 hakem (21 kadın, 183 erkek) katılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Kruskal-Wallis H ve Mann-Whitney U testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, lisanslı futbol oynayan hakemler ile oynamayanlar arasında özyeterlilik düzeyinde anlamlı bir fark olmadığını göstermiştir; ancak, lisanslı futbol oynayan hakemlerin özyeterlilik düzeylerinin oynamayanlara göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Cinsiyet değişkenine göre, erkek hakemler lehine anlamlı bir fark ortaya çıkmıştır. Klasman değişkeni, fiziksel yeterlilik, oyun bilgisi, baskı ve HÖYÖ toplam puanlarında anlamlı farklılıklar göstermiştir. Ayrıca, hakemlik süresine göre baskı, karar verme, iletişim, oyun bilgisi alt boyutlarında ve HÖYÖ toplam puanlarında anlamlı farklar tespit edilmiştir. İl değişkenine göre ise baskı alt boyutunda anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, hakemlerin özyeterlilik düzeylerini artırmak amacıyla, özellikle kadın hakemler ve lisanslı futbol oynamamış hakemler için özelleştirilmiş eğitim programları düzenlenebilir. Aynı zamanda, hakemlerin fiziksel yeterlilik, oyun bilgisi ve baskı altında karar verme yeteneklerini geliştirmeye yönelik düzenli eğitim ve destekleyici faaliyetler planlanmalıdır. Bu tür programlar, hakemlerin mesleki gelişimini destekleyerek genel performanslarını iyileştirebilir.
CR  - Adler, A. (2014). Yaşamın anlamı. (Çev. Can, H.). Ankara: Tutku Yayınevi.
CR  - Andrews, M. A., Areekal, B., Rajesh, K. R., Krishnan, J., Suryakala, R., Krishnan, B., ... & Santhosh, P. V. (2020). First confirmed case of COVID-19 infection in India: A case report. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 151(5), 490.
CR  - Ansari, M., & Yousefabad, S. A. (2020). Potential threats of COVID-19 on quarantined families. Public Health, 183, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.014
CR  - Aşkın, R., Bozkurt, Y., & Zeybek, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 304-318.
CR  - Bezner, J. R., Franklin, K. A., Lloyd, L. K., & Crixell, S. H. (2020). Effect of group health behaviour change coaching on psychosocial constructs associated with physical activity among university employees. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1462232
CR  - Bo, W., Xi, Y., & Tian, Z. (2021). The role of exercise in rehabilitation of discharged COVID-19 patients. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 3(4), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2021.09.001
CR  - Bostic, T. J., Rubio, D. M., & Hood. M. A. (2000). Validation of the subjective vitality scale using structural equation modelling. Social Indicators Research, 52(3), 313-319.
CR  - Cerea, S., Pecunioso, A., Casali, N., Moro, T., Paoli, A., & Ghisi, M. (2022). How COVID-19 lockdown affected physical activity levels and wellbeing: An Italian Survey. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2098358
CR  - Chen, W. J. (2016). Frequent exercise: A healthy habit or a behavioral addiction?. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine, 2(04), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdtm.2016.11.014
CR  - De Klerk, J. J., Boshoff, A. B., & Wyk, R. V. (2009). Measuring meaning in life in South Africa: validation of an instrument developed in the USA. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(3), 314-325.
CR  - Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237–288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
CR  - Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The what and why of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
CR  - Demirel, H., Kayıhan, H., Özmert, E.N., & Doğan, A. (2014). Türkiye fiziksel aktivite rehberi. (2. Baskı). Ankara: Kuban Matbaacılık Yayıncılık.
CR  - Diener, E., & Seligman, M. (2002). Very happy people. American Psychological Society, 13(1), 81-84.
CR  - Dilmaç, B., & Sakarya, E. (2020). Evli bireylerin evlilik uyum, yaşam memnuniyeti ve yaşam bağlılıkları arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Ereğli Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 1-11.
CR  - Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
CR  - Erdem, İ. (2020). Koronavirüse (Covid-19) karşı Türkiye’nin karantina ve tedbir politikaları. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.43703
CR  - Ersoy, G. (2004). Egzersiz ve spor yapanlar için beslenme. Ankara: Nobel Basımevi.
CR  - Eryılmaz, A. (2012). Pozitif psikoterapi bağlamında yaşam amaçları belirleme ölçeğinin üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 15, 166-174.
CR  - European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC): https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en E.T.  01.05.2024
CR  - Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the World Economy. SSRN Journal
CR  - Gauvin, L. (1990). An experiential perspective on the motivational features of exercise and lifestyle. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(1), 51–58.
CR  - Gauvin, L., & Spence, J. C. (1996). Physical activity and psychological well-being: knowledge base, current issues, and caveats. Nutrition Reviews, 54(4), S53.
CR  - George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. (Sixteenth edition). Routledge, New York, NY 10017.
CR  - Giallonardo, V., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., ... & Fiorillo, A. (2020). The impact of quarantine and physical distancing following COVID-19 on mental health: Study protocol of a multicentric Italian population trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00533
CR  - Huang, H., & Humphreys, B. R. (2012). Sports participation and happiness: Evidence from US microdata. Journal of economic Psychology, 33(4), 776-793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.02.007
CR  - Indolfi, C., & Spaccarotella, C. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy: fighting the pandemic. Case Reports, 2(9), 1414-1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.03.012
CR  - IPSOS, (2021). Global vıews on exercıse and team sports, Ipsos Global Advisor. E.T. 25.06.2021
CR  - İlhan, T., & Özbay, Y. (2010). Yaşam amaçlarının ve psikolojik ihtiyaç doyumunun öznel iyi oluş üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(34), 109-118.
CR  - Jeong, H. G., Kim, D. Y., Kang, D. W., Kim, B. J., Kim, C. K., Kim, Y., ... & Lee, S. H. (2017). Physical activity frequency and the risk of stroke: a nationwide cohort study in Korea. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(9), e005671. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005671
CR  - Jit, M., Jombart, T., Nightingale, E. S., Endo, A., Abbott, S., & Edmunds, W. J. (2020). Estimating number of cases and spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) using critical care admissions, United Kingdom, February to March 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(18). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.18.2000632
CR  - Karagöz, Y. (2017). Spss ve Amos uygulamalı nitel-nicel-karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği (1. Baskı). İstanbul: Nobel Kitabevi.
CR  - Karasar, N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri: Kavramlar, ilkeler ve teknikler. (32.Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
CR  - Klempin, F., Beis, D., Mosienko, V., Kempermann, G., Bader, M., & Alenina, N. (2013). Serotonin is required for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(19), 8270-8275. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5855-12.2013
CR  - Kubzansky, L. D., & Thurston, R. C. (2007). Emotional vitality and incident coronary heart disease: benefits of healthy psychological functioning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(12), 1393-1401. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1393
CR  - Kul, A., Demir, R., & Katmer, A. N. (2020). Covid-19 salgını döneminde psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak yaşam anlamı ve kaygı. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44419
CR  - Kumar, D., Malviya, R., & Sharma, P. K. (2020). Corona virus: A review of COVID-19. EJMO, 4(1), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.51418
CR  - Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., & Hyun, S. (2020). Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for US young adult mental health. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172
CR  - Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The How of Happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. The Penguin Press, NY.
CR  - Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
CR  - McKnight P. E., & Kashdan, T., B. (2009). Purpose in life as a system that sustains health and well-being: An integrative, testable theory. Review of General Psychology, 13, 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017152
CR  - Nix, G., Ryan, R.M., Manly, J.B., & Deci, E.L. (1999). Revitalization through selfregulation: the effects of autonomous versus controlled motivation on happiness and vitality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 266- 284. 
 
Pérez-Fuentes, M., Jurado, M. D., Martínez, Á. M., & Linares, J. J. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population. PLoS One, 15(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235305
CR  - Redondo-Bravo, L., Moros, M. J. S., Sánchez, E. V. M., Lorusso, N., Ubago, A. C., García, V. G., ... & Larrauri, A. (2020). The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: characterisation of cases and risk factors for severe outcomes, as at 27 April 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(50).
CR  - Rodrigues, F., Faustino, T., Santos, A., Teixeira, E., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2022). How does exercising make you feel? The associations between positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and vitality. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(3), 813-827. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1907766
CR  - Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal Of Psychiatry, 51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
CR  - Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565.
CR  - Salama-Younes, M. (2011). Positive mental health, subjective vitality, and satisfaction with life for French physical education students. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(2), 90-97.
CR  - Salguero, A., Martínez-García, R., Molinero, O., & Márquez, S. (2011). Physical activity, quality of life and symptoms of depression in community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 53(2), 152-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010.10.005
CR  - Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
CR  - Scheier, M. F., Wrosch, C., Baum, A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Matthews, K. A,. Schulz, R., & Zdaniuk, B. (2006). The life engagement test: Assessing purpose in life. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(3), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9044-1
CR  - Serdan, T. D., Masi, L. N., Gorjao, R., Pithon-Curi, T. C., Curi, R., & Hirabara, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 in Brazil: Historical cases, disease milestones, and estimated outbreak peak. Travel Medicine and İnfectious Disease, 38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101733
CR  - Sivri, F. Z. (2019). Yetişkinlerde affedicilik, iyimserlik ve öznel zindelik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
CR  - Steptoe, A., Edwards, S., Moses, J., & Mathews, A. (1989). The effects of exercise training on mood and perceived coping ability in anxious adults from the general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33(5), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(89)90061-5
CR  - Stewart A. L., Hays R. D., & Ware J. E. (1992). Health perceptions, energy, fatigue, and health distress measures. In A. L. Stewart, J. E. Ware & N. C. Durham (Eds.), Measuring functioning and well-being: The medical outcomes study approach (pp. 143–172). London: Duke University Press.
CR  - Tazegül, Ü. (2017). Sporcuların kişilik özellikleri ile yaşama bağlılıkları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(9), s. 587-594.
CR  - Tazegül, Ü. (2018). Elit düzeydeki tenisçilerin olumlu düşünme ve yaşama bağlılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (67), 16-25.
CR  - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı (2022). https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,80604/bakan-koca-turkiyenin-kovid-19la-1-yillik-mucadele-surecini-degerlendirdi.html E.T. 22.01.2022
CR  - Uğur, E. & Akın, A. (2015). Yaşam bağlılığı ölçeği Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 424-432.
URL-1: https://ourworldindata.org/ E.T. 01.04.2024
CR  - Van Dongen, E. J., Haveman-Nies, A., Doets, E. L., Dorhout, B. G., & de Groot, L. C. (2020). Effectiveness of a diet and resistance exercise intervention on muscle health in older adults: ProMuscle in Practice. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(8), 1065-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.11.026
CR  - Woolcott, O.O., & Bergman, R.N. (2018). Relative fat mass (RFM) as a new estimator of whole-body fat percentage─ A cross-sectional study in American adult individuals. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29362-1
CR  - Yarizadeh, H., Asadi, S., Baharlooi, H., Setayesh, L., Kakavandi, N.R., Hambly, C., & Mirzaei, K. (2020). Beneficial impact of exercise on bone mass in individuals under calorie restriction: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1739620
CR  - Yeung, R. R. (1996). The acute effects of exercise on mood state. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 40(2), 123-141.
CR  - Yüksel, R. (2013). Genç yetişkinlerde aşk tutumları ve yaşamın anlamı. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
CR  - Zorba, E. (2014). Herkes için yaşam boyu spor. (4. Basım). Ankara: Canset Form Matbaacılık.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1541567
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4181979
ER  -