TY - JOUR T1 - Arbusküler Mikoriza, Polimer ve Osmoprotektanın Yapraklı Tür Ağaçlandırmasının Başarısız Olduğu Koşullarda İğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) Fidanlarının Büyüme ve Yaşam Süresine Etkisi TT - Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, Polymer and Osmoprotectant on Growth and Survival of Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) Seedlings Under Conditions Where Broadleaf Species Afforestation Fails AU - Toprak, Bülent AU - Ünlü, Mehmet Ali AU - Karaşin, Yasin AU - Eşen, Derya AU - Aydın, Muhammed Ali PY - 2025 DA - April Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.53433/yyufbed.1566261 JF - Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi JO - YYU JINAS PB - Van Yuzuncu Yıl University WT - DergiPark SN - 1300-5413 SP - 327 EP - 339 VL - 30 IS - 1 LA - tr AB - Su açığı bulunan sahalarda iklim değişikliği ile birlikte var olan stres faktörleri daha da şiddetli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı büyüme döneminde şiddetli su açığı gerçekleşen alanda bitkilerin kuraklığa karşı direncini arttıracak bitki destekleyici işlemlerin (mikoriza, polimer, osmoprotektan, polimer + osmoprotektan) fidanların arazi performansına olan etkilerinin belirlenmesidir. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi kampüs alanında yer alan çalışma sahasına sulama yapılmaksızın 1+1 yaşlı iğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) fidanları dikilmiştir. Çalışmada fidanların yaşama oranları, çap ve boy değerleri, nispi çap ve boy artımları ve toprak nemindeki değişimler tespit edilmiştir. Mikoriza, polimer, osmoprotektan uygulamaları, fidanların sıcaklık rekorlarının kırıldığı dönemi atlatmasını sağlayamasa da hayatta kalma sürelerini iki ay uzatılabilmiştir. Toprak neminin en düşük olduğu Temmuz ayında polimer ve mikoriza ünitesindeki nem değerleri kontrol ünitesindekine göre %73 daha fazla ölçülmüştür. Mikoriza, polimer, osmoprotektan ve polimer+osmoprotektan ünitelerindeki fidanların kontrole göre yaklaşık %23 daha kalın çapa sahip oldukları ve %73 daha fazla çap artışı gerçekleştirdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Polimer ve osmoprotektan ünitelerindeki fidanların boyunun kontrol, mikoriza ve polimer+osmoprotektan ünitelerine göre yaklaşık %47 daha uzun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kontrole göre diğer ünitelerdeki fidanlar iki kat fazla nispi boy artımı gerçekleştirmiştir. KW - Glisin-Betain KW - Mikorizal funguslar KW - Nispi büyüme oranları KW - Su tutucu polimer KW - Toprak nemi N2 - In water deficit areas, existing stressors are becoming more severe with climate change. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of plant supportive treatments (mycorrhiza, polymer, osmoprotectant, polymer + osmoprotectant) on the water stress of seedlings to increase the drought resistance of plants in an area with severe water deficit during the growth period. 1 + 1 Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) seedlings were planted without irrigation in the study area located in the campus area of Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University. In the study, survival rates, diameter and height values, relative growth rates of root collar diameter and shoot height and changes in soil moisture were determined. Although mycorrhiza, polymer and osmoprotectant treatments did not help the seedlings to survive the period of record-breaking temperatures, they were able to extend their survival by two months. In July, when soil moisture levels were the lowest, the polymer and mycorrhiza treatments were 73% higher than the control. Seedlings in mycorrhiza, polymer, osmoprotectant and polymer+osmoprotectant units had about 23% thicker diameter and 73% more relative growth rates of root collar diameter than the control. Seedlings in polymer and osmoprotectant units were about 47% taller than the control, mycorrhiza and polymer+osmoprotectant units. Compared to the control, the seedlings in the other units realized two times more relative growth rates of shoot height. CR - Abbas, W., Ashraf, M., & Akram, N. A. (2010). Alleviation of salt-induced adverse effects in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) by glycinebetaine and sugarbeet extracts. Scientia horticulturae, 125(3), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.04.008 CR - Abbey, T., & Rathier, T. (2005). Effects of mycorrhizal fungi, biostimulants and water absorbing polymers on the growth and survival of four landscape plant species. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 23(2), 108-111. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.2.108 CR - Akat, H. (2020). The effect of super absorbent polymer (SAP) applications on growth in Anatolian Sweetgum Tree (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) species. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8(3), 721-727. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i3.721-727.3225 CR - Allard, F., Houde, M., Kröl, M., Ivanov, A., Huner, N. P., & Sarhan, F. (1998). Betaine improves freezing tolerance in wheat. Plant and Cell Physiology, 39(11), 1194-1202. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029320 CR - Anonim. (2014). Türkiye kuraklık değerlendirme raporu. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2024. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/yayinlar/2014/T%C3%BCrkiye-Kuraklik-Degerlendirmesi-2014.pdf CR - Anonim. (2016). Aydeniz iklim sınıflandırmasına göre Türkiye iklimi. Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı, Klimatoloji Şube Müdürlüğü. Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2024. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/files/iklim/iklim_siniflandirmalari/aydeniz.pdf CR - Apostol, K. G., Jacobs, D. F., & Dumroese, R. K. (2009). Root desiccation and drought stress responses of bareroot Quercus rubra seedlings treated with a hydrophilic polymer root dip. Plant and Soil, 315, 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9746-6 CR - Arbona, V., Iglesias, D. J., Jacas, J., Primo-Millo, E., Talon, M., & Go´mez-Cadenas, A. (2005). Hydrogel substrate amendment alleviates drought effects on young citrus plants. Plant and Soil, 270, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-1160-0 CR - Ashraf, M. F. M. R., & Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2), 206-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006 CR - Atalay, İ. (Eds.). (2014). Türkiye’nin ekolojik bölgeleri ecoregions of Turkey. Orman Bakanlığı, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, İzmir. CR - Bastin, J., Finegold, Y., Garcia, C., Mollicone, D., Rezende, M., Routh, D., Zohner, C. M., & Crowther, T. W. (2019). The global tree restoration potential. Science, 365(6448), 76-79. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848 CR - Bhardwaj, A. K., Shainberg, I., Goldstein, D., Warrington, D. N., & Levy, G. J. (2007). Water retention and hydraulic conductivity of cross‐linked polyacrylamides in sandy soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71(2), 406-412. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0138 CR - Cebeci, İ., Demirkiran, O., Doğan, O., Sezer, K. K., Öztürk, Ö., & Elbaşi, F. (2019). Türkiye’nin iller bazında kuraklık değerlendirmesi. Toprak Su Dergisi, özel sayı, 169-176. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.655613 CR - Chen, S., Zommorodi, M., Fritz, E., Wang, S., & Hüttermann, A. (2004). Hydrogel modified uptake of salt ions and calcium in Populus euphratica under saline conditions. Trees, 18, 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0267-x CR - Darini, A. K., Naderi, R., Khalighi, A., & Taheri, M. (2015). Effect of superabsorbent polymer on lawn under drought stress condition. Agriculture Science Developments, 4(2), 22-26. CR - Denaxa, N. K., Roussos, P. A., Damvakaris, T., & Stournaras, V. (2012). Comparative effects of exogenous glycine betaine, kaolin clay particles and Ambiol on photosynthesis, leaf sclerophylly indexes and heat load of olive cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis under drought. Scientia Horticulturae, 137, 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.01.012 CR - Evans, J., & Turnbull, J. (2004). Plantation forestry in the tropics (3rd. Edition). Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529941.001.0001 CR - Gee, G. W., & Bauder, J. W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. methods of soil analysis: part 1-physical and mineralogical methods (2nd edition) (pp 383-411). Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. CR - Han, Y. G., Yang, P. L., & Xu, L. (2005). Experimental studies on increase of yield and soil moisture of fruit tree by using superabsorbent polymers. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 38, 2486-2491. CR - Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz‐Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., . . . Thépaut, J. (2020). “The ERA5 global reanalysis”, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999–2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803 CR - Hozman, S. (2016). Su stresi ve osmoprotektan uygulamalarının kestane fidanlarında fizyolojik ve morfolojik özellikler üzerine etkileri. (YL), Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Aydın, Türkiye. CR - Hunt, R. (1990). Relative growth rates. Basic Growth Analysis, Editor: Hunt, R. Unwin Hyman, Ltd., London, England, pp. 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9117-6_3 CR - Hüttermann, A., Zommorodi, M., & Reise, K. (1999). Addition of hydrogels to soil for prolonging the survival of Pinus halepensis seedlings subjected to drought. Soil and Tillage Research, 50(3-4), 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00023-9 CR - Ingram, D. L., Yeager, T. H. (1987). “Effects of irrigation frequency and a water-absorbing polymer amendment on Ligustrum growth and moisture retention by a container medium”. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 5, 19-21. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-5.1.19 CR - Janos, D. P. (1980). Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizae affect lowland tropical rain forest plant growth. Ecology, 61(1), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937165 CR - Korkmaz, A., Değer, Ö., & Kocaçınar, F. (2015). Alleviation of water stress effects on pepper seedlings by foliar application of glycinebetaine. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 43(1), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2014.936945 CR - Küçük, S. (2013). Yapraktan glisin betain ve prolin uygulamasının tuz stresi altındaki zeytin bitkisine etkilerinin incelenmesi. (YL), Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı, Aydın, Türkiye. CR - Liu, H., Xu, C., Allen, C. D., Hartmann, H., Wei, X., Yakir, D., Wu, X., & Yu, P. (2022). Nature‐based framework for sustainable afforestation in global drylands under changing climate. Global Change Biology, 28(7), 2202-2220. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16059 CR - Loeppert, R. H., & Suarez, D. L. (1996). Part 3-Chemical methods. In Sparks, D. L., Page, A. L., Helmke, P. A., Loeppert, R. H., Soltanpour, P. N., Tabatabai, M. A., Johnston, C. T., Sumner, M. E (Eds.), Carbonate and Gypsum. Methods of Soil Analysis (pp. 437–474). American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. CR - Madakbaş, S., Önal, M. S., Dündar, B., Başak, H. (2014). Su tutucu polimerlerin toprak ve bitkide işlevi, çevreye etkisi ve sebzecilikte kullanım imkânları. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 173-179. CR - Menkis, A., Vasiliauskas, R., Taylor, A. F. S., Stenlid, J., & Finlay, R. (2007). Afforestation of abandoned farmland with conifer seedlings inoculated with three ectomycorrhizal fungi—impact on plant performance and ectomycorrhizal community. Mycorrhiza, 17, 337-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0110-0 CR - Noulèkoun, F., Khamzina, A., Naab, J. B., Khasanah, N. M., Van Noordwijk, M., & Lamers, J. P. (2018). Climate change sensitivity of multi-species afforestation in semi-arid Benin. Sustainability, 10(6), 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061931 CR - OGM. (2024). Toprakta analiz sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan sınır değerler. Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekoloji/e-kutuphane-sitesi/Dokumanlar/Toprak%20analiz%20sonu%C3%A7lar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20de%C4%9Ferlendirilmesi.pdf CR - Raju, K. M., Raju, M. P., & Mohan, Y. M. (2003). Synthesis of superabsorbent copolymers as water manageable materials. Polymer International, 52(5), 768-772. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.1145 CR - Rhoades, J. D. (1996). Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In Sparks, D. L., Page, A. L., Helmke, P. A., Loeppert, R. H., Soltanpour, P. N., Tabatabai, M. A., Johnston, C. T., Sumner, M. E (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, part 3- chemical methods (pp. 417-435), American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. CR - Roussos, P. A., Denaxa, N.K., Damvakaris, T., Stournaras, V., & Argyrokastritis, I. (2010). Effect of alleviating products with different mode of action on physiology and yield of olive under drought. Scientia Horticulturae, 125, 700-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.06.003 CR - SAS Institute, Inc. (1996). SAS/STAT users guide, version 6.12. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina. CR - Schimel, D. S. (2010). Drylands in the earth system. Science, 327(5964), 418-419. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184946 CR - Sharma, J. (2004). Establishment of perennials in hydrophilic polymer-amended soil. SNA Research Conference, Water Quality & Management Section, 49, 530-532. CR - Shi, Y., Li, J., Shao, J., Deng, Sh., Wang, R., Li, N., Sun, J., Zhang, H., Zhu, H., Zhang, Y., Zheng, X., Zhou, D., Huttermann, A., & Chen, S. (2010). Effects of stockosorb and luquasorb polymers on salt and drought tolerance of populus popularis. Scientia Horticulturae, 124, 268-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.12.031 CR - Shooshtarian, S., Abedi-Kupai, J., & TehraniFar, A. (2012). Evaluation of application of superabsorbent polymers in green space of arid and semi-arid regions with emphasis on Iran. International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion, 2(1), 24-36. CR - Supare, K., & Mahanwar, P. A. (2022). Starch-derived superabsorbent polymers in agriculture applications: an overview. Polymer Bulletin, 79(8), 5795-5824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03842-3 CR - Thomas, G. W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. Methods of soil analysis: part 3 chemical methods, 5, 475-490. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c16 CR - Toprak, B. (2020a). Kuraklık stresindeki yalancı akasya (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) fidanlarının yaprak su potansiyeline mikorizanın etkisi. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 462-470. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.584502 CR - Toprak, B. (2020b). Variations in the water potential of stem xylem in Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) seedlings treated with mycorrhizal fungi under drought conditions. Botanica Serbica, 44(2), 211-217. CR - Tu, Z. P., Armitage, A. M., & Vines, H. M. (1985). Influence of an antitranspirant and a hydrogel on net photosynthesis and water loss on Cineraria during water stress. Horticultural Science, 20, 386-388. CR - Viero, P. W. M., Chiswell, K. E. A., & Theron, J. M. (2002). The effect of a soil-amended hydrogel on the establishment of a Eucalyptus grandis clone on a sandy clay loam soil in Zululand during winter. Southern African Forestry Journal, 2002(193), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/20702620.2002.10433519 CR - Viero, P. W. M., & Little, K. M. (2006). A comparison of different planting methods, including hydrogels, and their effect on eucalypt survival and initial growth in South Africa. Southern African Forestry Journal, 208, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2989/10295920609505256 CR - Yu, J., Shi, J. G., Dang, P. F., Mamedov, A. I., Shainberg, I., & Levy, G. J. (2012). Soil and polymer properties affecting water retention by superabsorbent polymers under drying conditions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 76(5), 1758-1767. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0387 CR - Zulfiqar, F., Akram, N. A., & Ashraf, M. (2020). Osmoprotection in plants under abiotic stresses: New insights into a classical phenomenon. Planta, 251(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03293-1 UR - https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1566261 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4284026 ER -