TY - JOUR T1 - The relationship between psychological resilience and school burnout among high school students TT - Lise öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlığı ile okul tükenmişliği arasındaki ilişki AU - Zorlu, Eyup AU - Öztürk, Halil İbrahim AU - Altun, Hayri PY - 2025 DA - July Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.19128/turje.1574972 JF - Turkish Journal of Education JO - TURJE PB - Mehmet TEKEREK WT - DergiPark SN - 2147-2858 SP - 213 EP - 232 VL - 14 IS - 3 LA - en AB - This study investigates the relationship between psychological resilience and school burnout among high school students in the post-pandemic period through a path analysis. The sampling consists of 1,359 students. The data were collected with the Brief Resilience Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Form. The data were analyzed using R software. The findings of the study are presented in two parts: comparison of group means and path analysis. In the first part, psychological resilience and school burnout levels of high school students were analyzed in terms of variables such as gender, school type and adaptation to daily life. In the second part, the relationship between school burnout and psychological resilience was tried to be determined by path analysis method. The study revealed that there was a negative relationship between resilience and school burnout and school burnout had a significant negative effect on psychological resilience (β=-0.336; p<0.05). Finally, 11% of the variance of psychological resilience is explained by school burnout. In addition, school burnout and psychological resilience variables were examined in terms of various demographic factors and significant differences were found between them. The findings are handled in the discussion section together with previous studies in the literature. KW - Burnout KW - High school students KW - Psychological resilience N2 - Bu çalışmada pandemi sonrası dönemde lise öğrencileri arasındaki psikolojik sağlamlık ve okul tükenmişliği ilişkisi yol analizi kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Örneklem 1.359 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın verileri Kısa Süreli Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Bu veriler R programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, grup ortalamalarının karşılaştırılması ve yol analizi olmak üzere iki bölümde sunulmuştur. İlk bölümde, lise öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve okul tükenmişliği düzeyleri; cinsiyet, okul türü ve günlük hayata uyum gibi değişkenler açısından incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise, okul tükenmişliği ile psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki ilişki, yol analizi yöntemiyle belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda okul tükenmişliği ve sağlamlık arasında negatif korelasyon olduğu ve tükenmişliğin sağlamlığı negatif yönlü ve anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (β=-0,336; p<0,05). Buna göre, psikolojik sağlamlığın varyansının % 11’i okul tükenmişliği tarafından açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca, okul tükenmişliği ve psikolojik sağlamlık değişkenleri çeşitli demografik faktörler açısından incelenmiş ve aralarında anlamlı farklar bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, literatürde yer alan önceki çalışmalarla birlikte tartışma bölümünde ele alınmıştır. CR - Akbaşlı, S., Arastaman, G., Gün, F. & Turabik, T. (2019). School engagement as a predictor of burnout in university students. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 45, 293-309. CR - Almutairi, H., Alsubaiei, A., Abduljawad, S., Alshatti, A., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Husni, M., & Jahrami, H. (2022). Prevalence of burnout in medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(6), 1157-1170. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640221106691 CR - Altundağ, Y. (2021). Fear of Covid-19 and resilience during the early Covid-19 pandemic. EKEV Academy Journal, 25(85), 499-516. CR - American Psychological Association. (2002). The road to resilience. https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/pp. CR - Atarbay, S. (2017). The effects of social anxiety on resilience of university students studying at different programs (Unpublished master’s thesis). İstanbul University. CR - Bask, M., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2013). Burned out to drop out: Exploring the relationship between school burnout and school dropout. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(2), 511-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0126-5. CR - Basri, S., Hawaldar, I. T., Nayak, R., & Rahiman, H. U. (2022). Do academic stress, burnout and problematic Internet use afect perceived learning? Evidence from India during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 14(3), 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su14031409 CR - Breso, E., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). In search third dimension of burnout: Efficacy or inefficacy? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56(3), 460-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00290.x CR - Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Sage Publications. CR - Burki, T. K. (2020). Covid-19: Consequences for higher education. Lancet Oncology, 21(6), 758. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30287-4 CR - Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2012). Araştırma yöntemleri: Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar [Research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches]. Pegem Akademi. CR - Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge. CR - Cengiz, S., Yıldırım, M., Kaşıkçı, F., & Peker, A. (2024). School burnout and emotional and psychological well-being in secondary school students: Mediating roles of resilience and hope. Youth & Society, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X241279871. CR - Chen, H. L., Wang, H. Y., Lai, S. F., & Ye, Z. J. (2022). The associations between psychological distress and academic burnout: A mediation and moderation analysis. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 19(15), 1271-1282. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S360363 CR - Cheng, J., Zhao, Y. Y., Wang, J., & Sun, Y. H. (2020). Academic burnout and depression of Chinese medical students in the pre-clinical years: The buffering hypothesis of resilience and social support. Psychology Health & Medicine, 25(9), 1094-1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2019.1709651 CR - Courtney, D., Watson, P., Battaglia, M., Mulsant, B. H., & Szatmari, P. (2020). COVID-19 impacts on child and youth anxiety and depression: Challenges and opportunities. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(10), 688-691. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720935646 CR - Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Sage Publications. CR - Çapri, B., Gündüz, B., & Gökçakan, Z. (2011). Adaptation of Maslach burnout inventory-student form (MBI-SF) to Turksih: Validity and reliability study. Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 1(40), 134-147. CR - Çapulcuoğlu, U., & Gündüz, B. (2013). Coping with stress, test anxiety, academic self-efficacy and parental attitudes in predicting student burnout. Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 3(1), 201-18. CR - Çiçekli, A. (2019). Public sphere struggle of women “Who are the project of lady of the house and mother of the children”. Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(1), 1-14, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ssrj/issue/43336/510311 CR - Demir, A. & Çiftçi, F. (2020). Investigation of the effect of exercise on high school students' psychological resilience levels in covid-19 pandemic. The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 18(3), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.739918 CR - Ding, X., Liu, Y., & Peng, J. E. (2023). Straddling burnout and resilience: A Q methodology study among high school EFL teachers. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 46(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2193171 CR - Dinno, A. (2017). Dunn.test: Dunn's test of multiple comparisons using rank sums. R package version 1.3.5. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dunn.test. CR - DiStefano, C., Liu, J., Jiang, N., & Shi, D. (2018). Examination of the weighted root mean square residual: Evidence for trustworthiness? Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(3), 453-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1390394. CR - Dogan, D. N., & Doğan, D. N. (2023). School burnout in secondary and high school students: A systematic review. Conhecimento & Diversidade, 15(40), 159-193. https://doi.org/10.18316/rcd.v15i40.11309 CR - Doğan, T. (2015). Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102. CR - Doğruer, N. (2019). Psychological resilience and forgiveness in adults with childhood trauma background (Unpublished master’s thesis). Near East University. CR - Epskamp, S. (2022). semPlot (Version 1.1.5) [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semPlot CR - Erduran-Tekin, Ö., & Satan, A. (2024). The mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between psychological resilience and test anxiety in adolescents, Acta Educationis Generalis, 14(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.2478/atd-2024-0005 CR - Ertekin-Pınar, Ş., Bilgiç, D., Demirel, G., Akyüz, M. B., Karatepe, C., & Sevim, D. (2015). Relationship between burnout and life satisfaction of university students in the health field, TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 14(4), 284-292. https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb.1-1417432935 CR - Fergusson, D.M., & Horwood, L.J. (2003). Resilience to childhood adversity: Results of a 21-year study. In Luthar S. S., (ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 130-155). Cambridge University Press. CR - Fiorilli, C., Farina, E., Buonomo, I., Costa, S., Romano, L., Larcan, R., & Petrides, K. V. (2020). Trait emotional intelligence and school burnout: The mediating role of resilience and academic anxiety in high school. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093058 CR - Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Higgitt, A., & Target, M. (1994). The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1992. The theory and practice of resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35(2), 231-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01160.x CR - Geçit, B. (2013). Women’s social status in John Stuart Mill. Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, 3(2), 105-127. CR - Giota, J., & Gustafsson, J. E. (2021). Perceived academic demands, peer and teacher relationships, stress, anxiety and mental health: Changes from grade 6 to 9 as a function of gender and cognitive ability. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 65(6), 956-971. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2020.1788144 CR - Gong, Z., Wang, H., Zhong, M., & Shao, Y. (2023). College students’ learning stress, psychological resilience and learning burnout: status quo and coping strategies. BMC Psychiatry, 23, 389. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04783-z CR - Gradiski, I. P., Borovecki, A., Curkovi´c, M., San-Martín, M., Delgado-Bolton, R. C., & Vivanco, L. (2022). Burnout in international medical students: Characterization of professionalism and loneliness as predictive factors of burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3),1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031385 CR - Güldaş, F. Z., & Karslı, F. (2023). Exploring the moderating effect of spiritual resilience on the relationship between psychological resilience and mental health. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 8(3), 349-366. http://doi.org/10.37898/spiritualpc.1344542 CR - Güler, G., & Bedel, A. (2022). School burnout in middle school students: Role of problem-solving skills, peer relations and perceived school experiences. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 9(2), 340-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.2.529 CR - Gündoğan, S. (2023). The mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between quality of school life and school burnout. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 16(2), 287-304. http://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1191874 CR - Gündüz, Z. B., & Özyürek, A. (2018). The relationship between school burnout level and parents attitudes of high school students, Elementary Education Online, 17(1), 384-395. http://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2018.413786 CR - Güngör, A., & Sari, H. I. (2022). Effects of academic motivation on school burnout in Turkish college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 44(3), 414-431. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-022-09477-x CR - Hawes, M. T., Szenczy, A. K., Klein, D. N., Hajcak, G., & Nelson, B. D. (2022). Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. Psychological Medicine, 54(14), 3222-3230. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005358 CR - Heinen, I., Bullinger, M., & Kocalevent, R. D. (2017). Perceived stress in first year medical students-associations with personal resources and emotional distress. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016- 0841-8 CR - Herrmann, J., Koeppen, K., & Kessels, U. (2019). Do girls take school too seriously? Investigating gender differences in school burnout from a self-worth perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 69, 150-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.11.011 CR - Hou, W. K., Lai, F. T., Ben-Ezra, M., & Goodwin, R. (2020). Regularizing daily routines for mental health during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 020315. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020315 CR - Huang, L., Lei, W., Xu, F., Liu, H. & Yu, L. (2020). Emotional responses and coping strategies in nurses and nursing students during Covid-19 outbreak: A comparative study. PLoS One, 15(8), e0237303. https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0237303 CR - Husky, M. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020). Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 102, 152-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191 CR - Ipsos. (2021). Les adolescents face au monde, du mal-être à la détresse. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2021-11/Rapport%20Ipsos%20-%20Les%20 adolescents%20face%20au%20monde.pdf CR - Islam, M. N., Islam, M. S., Shourav, N. H., Rahman, I., Faisal, F. A., Islam, M., Sarker, I. H. (2024). Exploring post-COVID-19 health effects and features with advanced machine learning techniques. Scientific Reports 14, 9884. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60504-w CR - Işık, Y., & Çelik, E. (2020). Investigation of resilience in adolescents with regards to ostracism, social anxiety gender and grade level. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(27), 174-209. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.642037 CR - Jagodics, B., Nagy, K., Szenasi, S., Varga, R., & Szabo, E. (2022). School demands and resources as predictors of student burnout among high school students. School Mental Health, 15, 90-104, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-022-09534-1 CR - Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2007). Applied multivariate statistical analysis. Pearson. CR - Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2021). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-5. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools CR - Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8: User’s reference (2nd ed.). Scientific Software International. CR - Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press. CR - Koçhan, K., & Aypay, A. (2024). The effect of the resilience psycho-education program on 8th-grade students’ resilience, school burnout, and school attachment levels. Children and Youth Services Review, 156, 107229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107229 CR - Korkmaz, S., Goksuluk, D., & Zararsiz, G. (2014). MVN: An R package for assessing multivariate normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2014-031 CR - Kukihara, H., Yamawaki, N., Uchiyama, K., Arai, S., & Horikawa, E. (2014). Trauma, depression, and resilience of earthquake/tsunami/nuclear disaster survivors of Hirono, Fukushima, Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68(7), 524-533. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12159 CR - Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: The resilience framework. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 179-224). Kluwer Academic Publishers. CR - Kutsal, D., & Bilge, F. (2012). A study on the burnout and social support levels of high school students. Education and Science, 37(164), 283-297. CR - Lacombe, N., Hey, M., Hofmann, V., Pagnotta, C., & Squillaci, M. (2023). School burnout after COVID-19, prevalence and role of different risk and protective factors in preteen students. Children (Basel), 10(5), 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050823 CR - Lakkavaara, A., Upadyaya, K., Tang, X., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2024). The role of stress mindset and academic buoyancy in school burnout in middle adolescence. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 847-864. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2024.2382398 CR - Lee, J., Puig, A., Kim, Y. B., Shin, H., Lee, J. H. & Lee, S. M. (2010). Academic burnout profiles in Korean adolescents. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 26(5), 404-416. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1312 CR - Lin, C. H., Lin, S. Y., Hu, B. H., & Lo, C. O. (2023). Investigating mental health outcomes of undergraduates and graduate students in Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of American College Health, 3(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2162824 CR - Liu, S., Yang, L., Zhang, C., Xiang, Y. T., Liu, Z., Hu, S., & Zhang, B. (2020). Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e17-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30077-8. CR - Liu, W., Zhang, R., Wang, H., Rule, A., Wang, M., Abbey, C., Singh, M. K., Rozelle, S., She, X., & Tong, L. (2024). Association between anxiety, depression symptoms, and academic burnout among Chinese students: The mediating role of resilience and self-efficacy. BMC Psychology, 12(1),335. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01823-5 CR - Lovric, R., Farcic, N., Miksic, S., & Vcev, A. (2020). Studying during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative inductive content analysis of nursing students’ perceptions and experiences. Education Sciences, 10(7), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10070188 CR - March-Amengual, J. M., Cambra Badii, I., Casas-Baroy, J. C., Altarriba, C., Comella Company, A., Pujol-Farriols, R., Baños, J. E., Galbany-Estragués, P., & Comella-Cayuela, A. (2022). Psychological distress, burnout, and academic performance in first year college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063356 CR - Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205 CR - Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 CR - Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227 CR - McCarthy, M. E., Pretty, G. M., & Catano, V. (1990). Psychological sense of community and student burnout. Journal of College Student Development, 31(3), 211-216. CR - Merino-Godoy, M. Á., Yot-Domínguez, C., Conde-Jiménez, J., Ramírez-Martín, P., & Lunar-Valle, P. M. (2022). The influence of emotional burnout and resilience on the psychological distress of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(6), 1457-1466. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13046 CR - Michael, K., Schujovitzky, D., & Karnieli-Miller, O. (2024) The associations between resilience, self-care, and burnout among medical students. PLoS ONE, 19(9), e0309994. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309994 CR - Nazari, N., & Ghadampour, E. (2021). Positive psychology and building resilience in the post-pandemic: Self-compassion and healthy emotionality. Academia Letters, Article 4088. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL4088 CR - Nazari, N., Safitri, S., Usak, M., Arabmarkadeh, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Psychometric validation of the Indonesian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Personality traits predict the fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2021(Aug 23), 1-17. CR - Özkara, A. B., & Özbay, S. (2018). Examinaion of the psychological resilience of students athletes at high school level. National Education Journal, 48(221), 207-214. CR - R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ CR - Racine, N., McArthur, B. A., Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Zhu, J., Madigan, S. (2021). Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), 1142-1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482 CR - Reitsema, A. M., Jeronimus, B. F., van Dijk, M., & de Jonge, P. (2022). Emotion dynamics in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic and descriptive review. Emotion, 22(2), 374-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000970 CR - Romano, L., Buonomo, I., Callea, A., & Fiorilli, C. (2019). Alexithymia in young people’s academic career: The mediating role of anxiety and resilience. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 180(4-5), 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2019.1620675 CR - Romano, L., Consiglio, P., Angelini, G., & Fiorilli, C. (2021). Between academic resilience and burnout: The moderating role of satisfaction on school context relationships. European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education, 11(3), 770-780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030055 CR - Said, N., Boudjma, S., Mesbah, L., Gouarah, M., & Mohammed-Said, G. (2024). The relationship between burnout and psychological resilience among primary school teachers, Journal of Positive School Psychology, 8(4), 72-81. https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/18609 CR - Santrock, J. W. (2014). Ergenlik [Adolescence] (D. M. Siyez, Trans. Eds.). Nobel Akademik. CR - Sardella, A., Lenzo, V., Basile, G., Musetti, A., Franceschini, C., & Quattropani, M. C. (2022). Gender and psychosocial differences in psychological resilience among a community of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(9), 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091414 CR - Savitsky, B., Findling, Y., Ereli, A. & Hendel, T. (2020). Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice, 46, 102809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020. 102809 CR - Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Marques Pinto, A., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033005003 CR - Seçer İ., & Gençdoğan B. (2012). The analysis of the school burnout in secondary education students in terms of various variables. Turkish Journal of Education, 1(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.181045 CR - Sgatni, M., & Zerzour, A. (2024). Burnout and its relationship to psychological hardiness among psychologists. The Journal of El-Ryssala for Studies and Research in Humanities, 9(1), 18-28. CR - Simoës-Perlant, A., Barreau, M., & Vezilier, C. (2022). Stress, anxiety, and school burnout post Covid-19: A study of French adolescents. Mind, Brain, and Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12346 CR - Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972 CR - Smith, K. J., & Emerson, D. J. (2021). Resilience, psychological distress, and academic burnout among accounting students. Accounting Perspectives, 20(2), 227-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911 3838.12254 CR - Song, W., Wang, Z., & Zhang, R. (2022). Classroom digital teaching and college students’ academic burnout in the post COVID-19 era: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013403 CR - Söderholm, F., Lappalainen, K., Holopainen, L., & Viljaranta, J. (2022). The development of school burnout in general upper secondary education: The role of support and schoolwork difficulties. Educational Psychology, 42(5), 607-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2022.2054954. CR - Stewart, M., Reid, G., & Mangham, C. (1997). Fostering children's resilience, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0882-5963(97)80018-8 CR - Suckow, E. J., Henderson-Arredondo, K., Hildebrand, L., Jankowski, S. R. & Killgore, W. D. S. (2023). 70 daily routine and psychological resilience. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 29(1), 579-580. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617723007415 CR - Swiss Health Report (2020). Health in Switzerland – Children, young people and young adults; The National Health Report; Hogrefe: Bern, Swizerland. https://www.obsan.admin.ch/en/publications/2020-health-switzerland-children-young-people-and-young-adults CR - Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson. CR - Tang, X., Upadyaya, K., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2021). School burnout and psychosocial problems among adolescents: Grit as a resilience factor. Journal of Adolescence, 86, 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.12.002. CR - Tansel, B. (2016). Examining of the burnout level of university students. Cukurova Universty Faculty of Education Journal, 44(2), 241-262. CR - Toubasi, A. A., Hasuneh, M. M., Al Karmi, J. S., Haddad, T. A., & Kalbouneh, H. M. (2023). Burnout among university students during distance learning period due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross sectional study at the University of Jordan. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 58(3), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174221107780 CR - Tran, T. X., Vo, T. T. T., & Ho, C. (2023). From academic resilience to academic burnout among international university students during the Post-COVID-19 new normal: An empirical study in Taiwan. Behavioral Sciences, 13, 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030206 CR - Vincent, A. (2006). Modern politik ideolojiler [Modern political ideologies] (A. Tüfekçi, Trans.). Paradigma. CR - Wang, J., Bu, L., Li, Y., Song, J., & Li, N. (2021). The mediating effect of academic engagement between psychological capital and academic burnout among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 102(11), 104938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104938 CR - Wang, S., Wang, Y., & Zhao, L. (2024). Effects of psychological resilience on online learning performance and satisfaction among undergraduates: The mediating role of academic burnout. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 34, 395-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-024-00862-1 CR - Wickham, H., & Miller, E. (2021). haven: Import and Export 'SPSS', 'Stata' and 'SAS' Files. R package version 2.4.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=haven CR - World Health Organization (2023). Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the IHR (2005) Emergency Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-%282005%29-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-%28covid-19%29-pandemic CR - World Health Organization (2024). COVID-19 epidemiological update– 24 December 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-epidemiological-update---24-december-2024. CR - Xue, D., Sun, B., Li, W., Li, X., & Xiao, W. (2024). The relationship between resiliency, psychological empowerment, and teacher burnout across different genders: A psychological network analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 14(10), 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100878 CR - Yaghoobi, A., Mokhtaran, M., & Mohammadzadeh, S. (2019). Cognitive styles and psychological resilience as predictors of academic burnout. Iranian Evolutionary and Educational Psychology Journal, 1(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.29252/IEEPJ.1.1.1 CR - Yang, H. J., & Farn, C. K. (2005). An investigation the factors affecting MIS student burnout in technical-vocational college. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(6), 917- 932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.03.001 CR - Ye, Z., Peng, Y., Rao, W. & Zhang, T. (2024). The effect of physical activity on depression: A lagged mediation study of school burnout. BMC Public Health, 24, 3491. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21003-9 CR - Yıldırım, M., Çagis, Z. G., Batra, K., Ferrari, G., Kizilgeçit, M., Chirico, F., & Sharma, M. (2022). Role of resilience in psychological adjustment and satisfaction with life among under graduate students in Turkey: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 7(2), 224-235. https://doi.org/10.19204/2022/RLFR8 CR - Zhang, Y., Gan, Y. & Cham, H. (2007). Perfectionism, academic burnout and engagement among Chinese college students: A structural equation modeling analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1529-1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.010 UR - https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.1574972 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4320941 ER -