TY  - JOUR
T1  - Bilişsel İş Biçimlendirme ve İşe Tutulma İlişkisini Yeniden Düşünmek: Acil Sağlık Çalışanları Örneğinde Psikolojik Sermayenin Aracılık Rolü
TT  - Rethinking the Relationship between Cognitive Job Crafting and Job Engagement: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital among Emergency Healthcare Workers
AU  - Doğan, Aysun
PY  - 2025
DA  - March
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.54733/smar.1579547
JF  - Sosyal Mucit Academic Review
JO  - SMAR
PB  - Erhan AYDIN
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2718-1081
SP  - 147
EP  - 172
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu araştırmanın amacı, acil sağlık hizmetlerinde görev yapan sağlık profesyonellerinin işe tutulma düzeylerini belirleyerek, bilişsel iş biçimlendirmenin işe tutulma üzerindeki etkisini ve bu ilişkide psikolojik sermayenin rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde kamu ve özel sağlık kuruluşlarının acil servis ve “112” acil sağlık istasyonlarında görev yapan toplam 184 hemşire, ilk-acil yardım teknikeri ve acil tıp teknisyeni araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Veriler çevrimiçi ortamda anket yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Veri toplama formu demografik bilgilere yönelik sorular ve araştırma değişkenleri ölçeklerinden oluşmuştur. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre katılımcıların iş biçimlendirme, işe tutulma ve psikolojik sermaye düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hipotez testlerinin sonuçları ise iş biçimlendirmenin işe tutulmanın yarısından fazlasını açıkladığı ve bilişsel iş biçimlendirmenin işe tutulma üzerindeki etkisinde psikolojik sermaye iyimserlik alt boyutunun aracılık rolü olduğunu göstermiştir.
KW  - iş biçimlendirme
KW  - işe tutulma
KW  - psikolojik sermaye
KW  - acil sağlık çalışanları
N2  - The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the level of job engagement among healthcare professionals working in emergency healthcare services, to reveal the effect of cognitive job crafting on job engagement, and to identify the role of psychological capital in this relationship. In this context, the population of the study consisted of emergency health workers working in public and private health institutions in different provinces of Turkey. A total of 184 nurses, first-aid technicians and emergency medical technicians working in ‘hospital emergency services’ and ‘emergency stations’ were included in the sample of the study. Data were collected through an online questionnaire. The data collection form consisted of questions about demographic information and research variables scales. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used in the data analysis. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the participants had high levels of job crafting, job engagement and psychological capital. The results of the hypothesis tests showed that job crafting explained more than half of the job engagement and psychological capital optimism sub-dimension mediated the effect of cognitive job crafting on job engagement.
CR  - Al Badi, F. M., Cherian, J., Farouk, S., & Al Nahyan, M. (2023). Work engagement and job performance among nurses in the public healthcare sector in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 17(5), 1019-1041. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-06-2022-0216
CR  - Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004
CR  - Baghdadi, J. D., Brook, R. H., Uslan, D. Z., Needleman, J., Bell, D. S., Cunningham, W. E., & Wong, M. D. (2020). Association of a care bundle for early sepsis management with mortality among patients with hospital-onset or community-onset sepsis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(5), 707-716. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0183
CR  - Baig, L. D., Azeem, M. F., & Paracha, A. (2022). Cultivating innovative work behavior of nurses through diversity climate: The mediating role of job crafting. SAGE Open Nursing, 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608221095432
CR  - Bakker A. B. (2017). Job crafting among health care professionals: The role of work engagement. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(3), 321-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12551
CR  - Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
CR  - Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649
CR  - Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(10), 1359-1378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712453471
CR  - Bernales-Turpo, D., Quispe-Velasquez, R., Flores-Ticona, D., Saintila, J., Ruiz Mamani, P. G., Huancahuire-Vega, S., Morales-García, M., & Morales-García, W. C. (2022). Burnout, professional self-efficacy, and life satisfaction as predictors of job performance in health care workers: The mediating role of work engagement. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501319221101845
CR  - Bhatti, M. A., Mat, N., & Juhari, A. S. (2018). Effects of job resources factors on nurses job performance (mediating role of work engagement). International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 31(8), 1000-1013. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-07-2017-0129
CR  - Breevaart, K., & Bakker, A. B. (2018). Daily job demands and employee work engagement: The role of daily transformational leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000082
CR  - Britt, T. W., Dickinson, J. M., Greene-Shortridge, T. M., & Mckibben, E. S. (2007). Self-engagement at work. In, D. Nelson, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Positive organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work (pp. 143-158). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446212752.n11
CR  - Chang, S., Han, K., & Cho, Y. (2020). Association of happiness and nursing work environments with job crafting among hospital nurses in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114042
CR  - Chen, S. L. (2015). The relationship of leader psychological capital and follower psychological capital, job engagement and job performance: A multilevel mediating perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(18), 2349-2365. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1020443
CR  - Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Erlbaum
CR  - Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834-848. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019364
CR  - Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
CR  - Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
CR  - Demerouti, E., Hewett, R., Haun, V., De Gieter, S., Rodríguez-Sánchez, A., & Skakon, J. (2020). From job crafting to home crafting: A daily diary study among six European countries. Human Relations, 73(7), 1010-1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726719848809
CR  - Ghazzawi, R., Bender, M., Daouk-Öyry, L., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Chasiotis, A. (2021). Job crafting mediates the relation between creativity, personality, job autonomy and well-being in Lebanese nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(7), 2163-2174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13357
CR  - Güler, M., Çetin, F., & Basım, H. N. (2019). İşe tutulma ölçeği çok kısa versiyonu (UWES-3) geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması: Alternatif bir versiyon (UWES-6) önerisi. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 6(2), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.516921
CR  - Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall.
CR  - Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 442-458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130
CR  - Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources and consequences. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: The handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 102-117). Psychology Press.
CR  - Harbridge, R., Ivanitskaya, L., Spreitzer, G., & Boscart, V. (2022). Job crafting in registered nurses working in public health: A qualitative study. Applied Nursing Research, 64, 151656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151556
CR  - Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
CR  - Huang, Q., Wichaikhum, O.-A., & Nantsupawat, A. (2020). Job crafting and organizational commitment of nurses in Chengdu University Hospitals, the People’s Republic of China. Nursing Journal CMU, 47(2), 486-501.
CR  - İnanç, G., Özcan, A., & Erkasap, A. (2023). Acil sağlık hizmetlerinde çalışan personelin beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ile ekip çalışması arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Karadeniz Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 62-85.
CR  - Janes, G., Mills, T., Budworth, L., Johnson, J., & Lawton, R. (2021). The association between health care staff engagement and patient safety outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Patient Safety, 17(3), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000807
CR  - Jutengren, G., Jaldestad, E., Dellve, L., & Eriksson, A. (2020). The potential importance of social capital and job crafting for work engagement and job satisfaction among health-care employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124272
CR  - Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.
CR  - Kaiser, S., Patras, J., Adolfsen, F., Richardsen, A. M., & Martinussen, M. (2020). Using the job demands–resources model to evaluate work-related outcomes among Norwegian health care workers. SAGE Open, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020947436.
CR  - Karabey, C. N., & Kerse, G. (2017). The relationship between job crafting and psychological capital: A survey in a manufacturing business. PressAcademia Procedia, 3, 909-915.
CR  - Kim, H., & Seo, K. (2021). Impact of job engagement on the quality of nursing services: The effect of person-centered nursing in South Korean nurses. Healthcare, 9(7), 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070826
CR  - Landsbergis, P. A. (2009). Interventions to reduce job stress and improve work organization and worker health. In P. Schnall, M. Dobson, & E. Rosskam (Eds.), Unhealthy work: Causes, consequences, cures (pp. 193-209). Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.
CR  - Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., & Luthans, B. C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital. Business Horizons, 47(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2003.11.007
CR  - Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. (2008). The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate-employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 219-238. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.507
CR  - Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford University Press.
CR  - McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509-516.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509
CR  - Mossburg, S. E., & Dennison Himmelfarb, C. (2021). The association between professional burnout and engagement with patient safety culture and outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Patient Safety, 17(8), e1307-e1319. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000519
CR  - Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 71-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021484
CR  - Oruç, E. (2018). Psikolojik sermaye ölçeği kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Journal of Turkish Studies. 13(14), 141-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13618
CR  - Oshio, T., Inoue, A., & Tsutsumi, A. (2018). Associations among job demands and resources, work engagement, and psychological distress: Fixed-effects model analysis in Japan. Journal of Occupational Health, 60(3), 254-262. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.2017-0293-OA
CR  - Rich, B. L. (2006). Job engagement: Construct validation and relationships with job satisfaction, job involvement, and intrinsic motivation [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Florida.
CR  - Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2010.51468988
CR  - Romeo, M., Yepes-Baldó, M., Westerberg, K., & Nordin, M. (2018). Impact of job crafting on quality of care: The moderating effect of commitment. Psychology, 9, 2649-2661.https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.912151
CR  - Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2023). Acil sağlık hizmetleri her yerde. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR-101080/acil-saglik-hizmetleri-her-yerde.html#:~:text=Ekim%20sonu%20itibariyle%20112%20kara,haz%C4%B1r%2015.466%20UMKE%20personelimiz%20bulunuyor (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Aralık 2024).
CR  - Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı. (2022). Sağlık istatistikleri yıllığı 2022 yayınlanmıştır. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR-103184/saglik-istatistikleri-yilligi-2022-yayinlanmistir.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Aralık 2024).
CR  - Sahay, S., Gigliotti, R. A., & Dwyer, M. (2022). Role conflict, job crafting, stress and resilience among nurses during COVID-19. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 30(3), 234-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12417
CR  - Salanova, M., Agut, S., & Peiró, J. M. (2005). Linking organizational resources and work engagement to employee performance and customer loyalty: The mediation of service climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1217-1227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1217
CR  - Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
CR  - Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2007). Work engagement: An emerging psychological conceptand its implications for organizations. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Research in social issues in management (pp. 135-177). Information Age.
CR  - Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
CR  - Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033005003
CR  - Schulz, M., Damkröger, A., Voltmer, E., Löwe, B., Driessen, M., Ward, M., & Wingenfeld, K. (2011). Work-related behaviour and experience pattern in nurses: Impact on physical and mental health. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18(5), 411-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01691.x
CR  - Setti, I., & Argentero, P. (2011). Organizational features of workplace and job engagement among Swiss healthcare workers. Nursing & Health Sciences, 13(4), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00636.x
CR  - Strömgren, M., Eriksson, A., Bergman, D., & Dellve, L. (2016). Social capital among healthcare professionals: A prospective study of its importance for job satisfaction, work engagement and engagement in clinical improvements. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 53, 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.07.012.
CR  - Sun, T., Zhao, X. W., Yang, L. B., & Fan, L. H. (2012). The impact of psychological capital on job embeddedness and job performance among nurses: A structural equation approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05715.x
CR  - Sweetman, D., & Luthans, F. (2010). The power of positive psychology: Psychological capital and work engagement. In A. B. Bakker, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 54-68). Psychology Press.
CR  - Tan, K.-L., Lew, T.-Y., & Sim, A. K. S. (2019) Is meaningful work the silver bullet? Perspectives of the social workers. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 13(4), 612-632. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-09-2018-0267
CR  - Tims, M., & Akkermans, J. (2017). Core self-evaluations and work engagement: Testing a perception, action, and development path. PloS One, 12(8), e0182745. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182745
CR  - Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009
CR  - Vogt, K., Hakanen, J. J., Brauchli, R., Jenny, G. J., & Bauer, G. F. (2016). The consequences of job crafting: A three-wave study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(3), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2015.1072170
CR  - Waheed, J., Jun, W., Yousaf, Z., Radulescu, M., & Hussain, H. (2021). Towards employee creativity in the healthcare sector: Investigating the role of polychronicity, job engagement, and functional flexibility. Healthcare, 9(7), 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070837
CR  - Wijngaards, I., Pronk, F. R., Bakker, A. B., & Burger, M. J. (2022). Cognitive crafting and work engagement: A study among remote and frontline health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Care Management Review, 47(3), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1097/HM R.0000000000000322
CR  - Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179-201. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378011
CR  - Yavuz, M., & Artan, İ. E. (2019). İş zanaatkârlığı (Job Crafting) kavramı: Türkçe iş zanaatkarlığı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 95-125. https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.404744
CR  - Yazıcıoğlu, Y., & Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Detay Yayıncılık.
CR  - Yepes-Baldó, M., Romeo, M., Westerberg, K., & Nordin, M. (2018). Job crafting, employee well-being, and quality of care. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 40(1), 52-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916680614
CR  - Yuan, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, F., Jin, M., Teng, M., He, H., & Wang, J. (2023). Levels of psychological capital among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Nursing Review, 70(1), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12803
CR  - Yun, M. S., Lee, M., & Choi, E. H. (2024). Job crafting, positive psychological capital, and social support as predictors of job embeddedness on among clinical nurses- A structural model design. BMC Nursing, 23, 192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-01845-9
CR  - Zhao, X, Lynch, J.G. ve Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
UR  - https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1579547
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4340757
ER  -