TY - JOUR T1 - COMPLEXITY OF ROLES: ISRAEL’S POLICYMAKING TOWARDS THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR TT - ROLLERİN KARMAŞIKLIĞI: İSRAİL’İN RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞI’NA YÖNELİK POLİTİKA YAPIMI AU - Koçak, Muhammet AU - Bulut, Seher PY - 2025 DA - June Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.48068/rusad.1582891 JF - Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi JO - RUSAD PB - Tekin Aycan TAŞCI WT - DergiPark SN - 2757-7899 SP - 189 EP - 218 IS - 13 LA - en AB - The Russia-Ukraine War has significantly reshaped global geopolitical dynamics, compelling middle and small powers to navigate the competing pressures of global superpowers. This study examines Israel’s foreign policy towards the Russia-Ukraine War, which began in 2022 and continues to this day, through the lens of Role Theory, with a particular focus on National Role Conceptions (NRCs). The research identifies three key NRCs—Humanitarian Aid Provider, Mediator, and Strategic Ally—as central to understanding Israel’s nuanced and cautious approach to the conflict. These roles reflect Israel’s efforts to balance historical alliances with the West and its strategic arrangements with Russia, particularly in the context of regional security dynamics in the Middle East. The study employs qualitative content analysis of official statements made by key actors, including prime ministers and defense officials, to uncover how NRCs guide foreign policy decisions amidst conflicting external pressures and internal political dynamics. The Humanitarian Aid Provider role highlights Israel’s commitment to its moral obligations and historical identity, evident in its provision of humanitarian assistance to Ukraine. The Mediator role demonstrates Israel’s attempt to leverage its unique relationships with both Russia and Ukraine to facilitate dialogue and reduce tensions, albeit with limited success. Meanwhile, the Strategic Ally role underscores Israel’s efforts to maintain its commitments to Western partners, particularly the United States, while carefully managing its security dependencies on Russia in Syria. This study addresses a gap in the existing literature by applying Role Theory to Israel’s foreign policy in the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. It provides valuable insights into how middle powers, like Israel, navigate complex international crises by balancing competing expectations and pursuing strategic flexibility. The findings contribute both theoretically, by advancing the application of NRCs in foreign policy analysis, and practically, by offering recommendations for policymakers facing similar geopolitical challenges. Ultimately, this research enhances our understanding of middle power behavior in an increasingly multipolar and uncertain international order. KW - Russia KW - Israel KW - Russia-Ukraine War KW - role theory KW - role conceptions KW - foreign policy N2 - Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı, küresel jeopolitik dinamikleri önemli ölçüde yeniden şekillendirerek orta ve küçük güçleri küresel süper güçlerin baskıları arasında hassas bir denge kurmaya zorlamıştır. Bu çalışma, 2022’de başlayan ve hâlâ devam eden Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı sırasında İsrail’in dış politikasını Rol Teorisi çerçevesinde incelemekte ve özellikle Ulusal Rol Kavramları’na (URK) odaklanmaktadır. Araştırma, İsrail’in bu ihtilaftaki temkinli ve incelikli yaklaşımını anlamada üç temel URK’yi öne çıkarmaktadır: İnsani Yardım Sağlayıcı, Arabulucu ve Stratejik Müttefik. Bu roller, İsrail’in Batı ile olan tarihi ittifaklarını ve Orta Doğu’daki güvenlik dinamikleri bağlamında Rusya ile kurduğu stratejik düzenlemelerini dengeleme çabalarını yansıtmaktadır. Çalışma, başbakanlar ve savunma yetkilileri gibi kilit aktörlerin yaptığı resmî açıklamaların nitel içerik analizini kullanarak, URK’ların dış politika kararlarını iç ve dış baskılar arasındaki çatışmalar ışığında nasıl şekillendirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. İnsani Yardım Sağlayıcı rolü, İsrail’in ahlaki yükümlülüklerine ve tarihsel kimliğine olan bağlılığını vurgulamakta ve Ukrayna’ya sağlanan insani yardımlarda somutlaşmaktadır. Arabulucu rolü, İsrail’in Rusya ve Ukrayna ile olan benzersiz ilişkilerini kullanarak diyalog kurma ve gerilimi azaltma çabalarını göstermekte, ancak bu çabalar sınırlı başarı sağlamaktadır. Öte yandan, Stratejik Müttefik rolü, İsrail’in özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri gibi Batılı ortaklarına olan taahhütlerini sürdürme çabalarını yansıtırken, aynı zamanda Suriye’deki güvenlik bağımlılıkları nedeniyle Rusya ile ilişkilerini dikkatli bir şekilde yönetmesini gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışma, Rol Teorisi’ni Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı bağlamında İsrail dış politikasına uygulayarak literatürdeki bir boşluğu doldurmaktadır. Araştırma, orta güçlerin İsrail örneğinde olduğu gibi karmaşık uluslararası krizlerde çelişen beklentileri nasıl dengelediklerine ve stratejik esnekliği nasıl sürdürdüklerine dair değerli içgörüler sunmaktadır. Bulgular, hem teorik olarak URK’lerin dış politika analizine uygulanmasını ilerleterek hem de pratik olarak benzer jeopolitik zorluklarla karşılaşan politika yapıcılara öneriler sunarak katkıda bulunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma artan çok kutuplu ve belirsiz uluslararası düzende orta güçlerin davranışlarını anlamamıza önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır CR - Aaron Boxerman and Jacob Magid, "European diplomat criticizes Israeli balancing act on Ukraine invasion", Times of Israel, Erişim. 18.12.2022, https://www.timesofisrael.com/european-diplomat-criticizes-israeli-balancing-act-on-ukraine-invasion/ CR - Ahronheim, Anna. 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