TY - JOUR T1 - The Relationship between Health Expenditures and Foreign Direct Investment: Analysis of the ARDL Cointegration Approach and Toda-Yamamoto Causality AU - Yardımcı, M. Can AU - Batbaylı Karanfil, Şule PY - 2025 DA - July Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1597606 JF - İstanbul İktisat Dergisi PB - Istanbul University WT - DergiPark SN - 2602-4152 SP - 170 EP - 188 VL - 75 IS - 1 LA - en AB - The health sector comprises lots of themes which are health expenditures, health investments, the pharmaceutical and medical equipment industries, and health tourism. Health investments are often closely related to foreign direct investments. The priority motivation of foreign direct investments in field of health is humanistic development in other words, promoting human health. Investing in the health sector is difficult and carries inherent risks, despite the various contributions of FDI to a country’s economy. 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