TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Impact of Historical Background in Higher Education Reform: Post-War England
TT  - Yükseköğretim Reformunda Tarihsel Arka Plan Etkisi: Savaş Sonrası İngiltere
AU  - Kaymak Ayık, Ayşe Hilal
PY  - 2025
DA  - December
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.53478/yuksekogretim.1600468
JF  - Yükseköğretim Dergisi
JO  - TÜBA-HER
PB  - Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2146-796X
SP  - 655
EP  - 666
VL  - 15
IS  - 3
LA  - en
AB  - This article examines the historical context leading up to the higher education reforms of the 1960s in England, focusing on the key factors that facilitated these transformative changes. The period saw the convergence of three crucial features: political consensus, financial optimism, and social restructuring. Political consensus helped to create broad-based support for reform, while financial optimism enabled increased government investment in education. Social restructuring, driven by a desire for greater access to education and social mobility, provided the societal impetus for change. Together, these elements formed the foundation necessary for the successful and effective reform of higher education in England. Through a historical analysis, this article explores how these forces interacted and shaped the development of higher education policy during this period. The article concludes by highlighting the lasting impact of these historical forces on the direction of higher education policy, asserting their continued relevance in understanding contemporary reform processes.
KW  - Higher Education
KW  - Reform
KW  - Robbins Report
KW  - England
KW  - Historical Analysis
N2  - Bu makale, 1960’larda İngiltere’deki yükseköğretim reformlarının altyapısını oluşturan tarihsel bağlamı inceleyerek, bu kapsamlı dönüşüm sürecini kolaylaştıran başat unsurlara odaklanmaktadır. Bu dönemde, tarihsel arka planda belirgin olarak ortaya çıkan üç önemli durum gözlemlenmiştir: siyasi uzlaşı, ekonomik iyimserlik ve toplumsal yeniden yapılanma. Siyasi uzlaşı, İngiltere’de reform için geniş tabanlı ve kalıcı bir destek sağlarken, ekonomik iyimserlik, eğitimde giderek artan devlet yatırımlarını mümkün ve sürdürülebilir kılmıştır. Toplumsal yeniden yapılanma eğilimi ise, eğitimde daha fazla erişim, fırsat eşitliği ve sosyal hareketliliği sağlama arzusuyla, değişim için güçlü bir toplumsal itici güç oluşturmuştur. Bu üç unsur, İngiltere’deki yükseköğretim reformlarının başarılı, etkili ve uzun vadeli bir şekilde gerçekleşmesi için ihtiyaç duyulan temel zemin olmuştur. Tarihsel bir analiz yoluyla, bu makale, söz konusu unsurların nasıl etkileşime girdiğini ve bu dönemde yükseköğretim politikalarının gelişimini nasıl şekillendirdiğini ayrıntılı olarak incelemektedir. Makale, bu tarihsel unsurların, yükseköğretim politikasının yönünü şekillendirmedeki kalıcı ve dönüştürücü etkisini vurgulayarak, aynı zamanda bu unsurların günümüzdeki reform süreçlerini anlamadaki önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
CR  - Anderson, R. (2006). British universities past and present (Illustrated edition). Bloomsbury Continuum.
CR  - Anderson, R. D. (1992). Universities and elites in Britain since 1800. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
CR  - Anderson Committee. (1960). Grants to students: report of the committee appointed by the minister of education and the secretary of state for Scotland in June 1958. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
CR  - Bastedo, M. N. (2009). Convergent institutional logics in public higher education: State policymaking and governing board activism. The Review of Higher Education, 32(2), 209–234.
CR  - Becher, T., & Kogan, M. (1991). Process and structure in higher education (2nd Revised edition). Routledge.
CR  - Berdahl, R. O. (1959). British universities and the state. University of California Press.
CR  - Black, L. (2017). An affluent society?: Britain’s post-war ‘golden age’ Revisited (1st edition). Routledge.
CR  - Blanning, T. C. W. (2000). The Oxford history of modern Europe. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Bogdanor, V., & Skidelsky, R. (1970). The age of affluence, 1951-1964. Macmillan.
CR  - Booker, C. (1969). The neophiliacs: A study of the revolution in English life in the fifties and sixties. Collins.
CR  - Cai, Y., & Mountford, N. (2021). Institutional logics analysis in higher education research. Studies in higher education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2021.1946032
CR  - Carswell, J. (1986). Government and the universities in Britain: programme and performance 1960-1980. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Committee on Higher Education. (1963). Higher education: Report of the committee appointed by the prime minister under the chairmanship of Lord Robbins 1961–63, Cmnd. 2154. [The Robbins Report]. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
CR  - Corby, S. (1999). The National Health Service. In S. Horton & D. Farnham (Eds.), Public management in Britain (pp. 180–193). Macmillan Education UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27574-8_11
CR  - Coxall, B., & Robins, L. (1998). The rise and fall of consensus politics. In B. Coxall & L. Robins (Eds.), British politics since the war (pp. 49–68). Macmillan Education UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26013-3_3
CR  - Crafts, N. (2018). Falling Behind in the ‘Golden Age.’ In Forging ahead, falling behind and fighting back: British economic growth from the industrial revolution to the financial crisis (pp. 79–101). Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Crossland, A. (1965). [The Secretary of State Mr. Crosland’s speech at the Parliament on 25.03.1965], Paliamentary Archives. Retrieved January 10, 2025 from https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1965/mar/25/higher-education
CR  - Driver, C. (1972). Higher education in Britain: The cow ruminant. Comparative education review, 16(2), 325–339. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1187027
CR  - Eden, A. (1956). [Memorandum by the Prime Minister], National Archives. Retrieved January 9, 2025 from https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230201161039/http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-129-79.pdf
CR  - Filippakou, O., & Tapper, T. (2019). Creating the future? the 1960s new English universities (1st ed. 2019 edition). Springer.
CR  - Halsey, A. H., & Trow, M. A. (1971). The British academics. Harvard University Press.
CR  - Her Majesty’s Government. [HMG] (1956). Technical education, National Archives, London, UK. Retrieved December 15, 2024 from https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230201152127/http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-129-79-cp-56-40-40.pdf
CR  - Hillman, N. (2023). The Robbins report at 60: Essential facts for policymakers today (49; HEPI Policy Note).
CR  - Kaelble, H. (1990). A Social history of western Europe, 1880-1980. Gill & Macmillan Ltd.
CR  - Knight, N. (2006). Governing Britain since 1945. Politico’s Publishing Ltd.
CR  - Lawson, J., & Silver, H. (1973). A social history of education in England. Methuen & Co. Ltd.
CR  - Lawlor, J. (1968). The New university. Columbia University Press.
CR  - Lee, S. J. (1996). Aspects of British political history, 1914-1995. Psychology Press.
CR  - Lepori, B. (2016). Universities as Hybrids: Applications of Institutional Logics Theory to Higher Education. In Theory and method in higher education research (World; Vol. 2, pp. 245–264). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2056-375220160000002013
CR  - Madgwick, P. J., Steeds, D., & Williams, L. J. (1982). Britain since 1945. Hutchinson. http://capitadiscovery.co.uk/chi-ac/items/12763
CR  - Mandler, P. (2006). The English national character: The history of an idea from Edmund Burke to Tony Blair. Yale University Press.
CR  - Morgan, K. O. (2001). Britain since 1945: The people’s peace. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Moser, S. C. (1988). The Robbins report 25 years after—and the future of the universities. Oxford review of education. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305498880140102
CR  - Neave, G. (1985). Elite and mass higher education in Britain: A regressive model? Comparative Education Review, 29(3), 347–361.
CR  - Niblett, W. R. (1981). Robbins revisited. Studies in higher education, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075078112331379479
CR  - Education UK. (1969) Now, after Robbins. Retrieved January 5, 2025 from https://education-uk.org/documents/robbins/extras.html.
CR  - Perkin, H. J. (1961) New universities in the United Kingdom. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
CR  - Pratt, J. (1992). Unification of higher education in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Education, 27(1/2), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.2307/1502661
CR  - Robbins, L. (1971). Autobiography of an economist. Macmillan.
CR  - Roberts, J. M. (1997). A history of Europe. Allan Lane.
CR  - Salt, J. & Elliott, B. (1975). British society 1879-1970. Hulton Educational Publications.
CR  - Scott, P. (1988). Blueprint or blue remembered hills? The relevance of the Robbins report to the present reforms of higher education. Oxford Review of Education, 14(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305498880140104
CR  - Shattock M. (1996). The creation of a university system. Blackwell.
CR  - Smith, H. L. (Ed.). (1990). War and social change: British society in the second world war (New edition). Manchester University Press.
CR  - Spencer, H. (1892). Social statics: Abridged and revised; together with the man versus the state. D. Appleton.
CR  - Stewart, W. A. C. (1989). Higher education in postwar Britain. Macmillan.
CR  - Taylor, M. & Pellew, J. (2020). Utopian universities: A global history of the new campuses of the 1960s. Bloomsbury Academic.
CR  - Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., & Lounsbury, M. (2012). The Institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure, and process. OUP Oxford.
CR  - Tomka, B. (2013). A social history of twentieth- century Europe. Routledge.
CR  - Uberoi, E, Matthew B & Cracknell R. (2025) UK election statistics: 1918-2023: A century of elections. Retrieved December 10, 2024 from https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7529/.
CR  - Watson, D. (2014). Robbins and his children: The theory and practice of higher education inquiries, 1963-2013. Higher Education Quarterly, 68. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12045
CR  - Wynne, R. G., & Dawson, S. M. (1975). Universities for a changing world: The role of the university in the later twentieth century. John Wiley & Sons.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.53478/yuksekogretim.1600468
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4435972
ER  -