TY - JOUR T1 - AB’de “Çoğunlukçu Olmayan Kurumlar” Olarak AB Ajanslarının İyi Yönetişim İlkeleri Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi TT - Evaluation of EU Agencies as “Non-Majoritarian Institutions” in the Context of Good Governance Principles AU - Solak Tuygun, Feza PY - 2025 DA - February Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.25204/iktisad.1600642 JF - İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi JO - JEBUPOR PB - H. Mustafa PAKSOY WT - DergiPark SN - 2564-7466 SP - 175 EP - 195 VL - 10 IS - 26 LA - tr AB - Çoğunlukçu olmayan kurumlar, kamu geliriyle finanse edilen ve kamusal bir işlevi yerine getiren ancak, seçilmiş politikacılardan belirli ölçüde bağımsız olarak varlığını sürdüren kurumlardır. AB’de birçok politika alanındaki yetkiler, ulus-üstü nitelikte çoğunlukçu olmayan kurumlar olarak AB ajanslarına devredilmektedir. AB ajanslarına yetki devrinin meşru olması, bu kurumların artan sayılarıyla birlikte “demokratik ilkelerle uyumu” sorununu gündeme getirmiştir. Demokratik yönetimin temel ilkelerini “iyi yönetişim” anlayışıyla yönetim süreçlerine dâhil eden AB, daha fazla demokrasi, şeffaflık ve yetki devri ile demokratik meşruiyetin güçlendirilmesi için Avrupa Yönetişimine İlişkin Beyaz Kitap’ı (2001) yayınlamış; bu kitapta bağımsızlık, hesap verebilirlik, şeffaflık ve katılım gerekliliklerini içeren iyi yönetişimin bir dizi temel ilkesini belirlemiştir. Bu çalışmada, AB ajanslarının Avrupa Yönetişimine İlişkin Beyaz Kitap’ta (2001) belirtilen bu ilkelere “uyumu” ele alınmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada, AB karar alma sürecinin etkinliğini arttırmak ve meşruiyetini güçlendirmek için ajansların kurumsal yapıları ve etkileşimleri ile iyi yönetişim ilkelerine uyumları konusunda tutarlılığın sağlanarak işleyiş yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. KW - Çoğunlukçu olmayan kurumlar KW - Avrupa Birliği KW - AB ajansları KW - Demokrasi KW - İyi yönetişim N2 - Non-majoritarian institutions are entities financed by public revenue and serving a public function while operating with a degree of independence from elected politicians. In the EU, authority in various policy areas is delegated to EU agencies, which function as supranational non-majoritarian institutions. The legitimacy of delegating authority to these agencies has raised concerns about "compliance with democratic principles" as their numbers continue to grow. Incorporating the fundamental principles of democratic governance into administrative processes through a "good governance" approach, the EU published the White Paper on European Governance (2001) to enhance democracy, transparency, and legitimacy through delegated authority. This book established a set of core principles for good governance, including independence, accountability, transparency, and participation. This study examines the "compliance" of EU agencies with the principles outlined in the White Paper on European Governance (2001). Utilizing document analysis, a qualitative research method, the study concluded that to enhance the effectiveness of the EU decision-making process and strengthen its legitimacy, it is necessary to ensure consistency in the institutional structures and interactions of the agencies and their compliance with the principles of good governance, while improving their operational methods. CR - Atanassov, N. (2015, 3 Mart). Accountability of EU regulatory agencies, European Parlıamentary Research Service. https://epthinktank.eu/2015/03/03/accountability-of-eu-regulatory-agencies/ CR - Börzel, T.A., Pamuk, Y. ve Stahn, A. (2008). Good governance in the European Union. Berlin working paper on European integration No. 7 içinde. Freie Universität Berlin. CR - Brinkhorst, L. J. (1996). The future of European agencies: a budgetary perspective from the European Parliament. A. Kreher (Ed.), The New European Agencies (EUI Working Paper RSC No.96/49) içinde (ss. 75-81). European University Institute. CR - Buller, J., Dönmez, P.E., Standring, A. ve Wood, M. (2019). Depoliticisation, post-politics and the problem of change. J. Buller, P.E. Dönmez, A. Standring, M. Wood, (Ed.) Comparing strategies of (de)politicisation in Europe içinde (ss. 1-24). Palgrave Macmillan CR - Busuioc, M. (2011). European agencies and their boards: too much board, too little monitoring. Amsterdam Law School Research Paper, (2011-10). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1890671 CR - Busuioc, M. ve Groenleer, M. (2012). Wielders of supranational power? the administrative behaviour of heads of European Union agencies. M. Busuioc, M. Groenleer, J. Trondal (Ed). The agency phenomenon in the European Union içinde (ss. 128-151). Manchester University Press. CR - Chamon, M. (2016). EU agencies: legal and political limits to the transformation of the EU administration. Oxford University Press. CR - Colin, S. (2000). Accountability in the regulatory state. Journal of Law and Society. 27 (1), 38–60. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1410728 CR - Commission (2001). European governance- A white paper, COM(2001) 428 final,(2001/C 287/01). https://tinyurl.com/2f42hvps CR - Council Decision 2002/187/JHA. Council Decision of 28 February 2002 setting up Eurojust with a view to reinforcing the fight against serious crime (2002/187/JHA). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32002D0187 CR - Council Joint Action 2001/554/CFSP. Council Joint Action of 20 July 2001 on the establishment of a European Union Institute for Security Studies (2001/554/CFSP). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:200:0001:0004:EN:PDF CR - Council Joint Action 2001/555/CFSP of 20 July 2001 on the establishment of a European Union Satellite Centre amended by Joint Action 2006/998/CFSP, Joint Action 2009/834/CFSP and Council Decision 2011/297/CFSP. https://tinyurl.com/8ynsjjv3 CR - Council Joint Action 2004/551/CFSP of 12 July 2004 on the establishment of the European Defence Agency. https://eda.europa.eu/docs/documents/council_joint_action_2004_551_cfsp.pdf CR - Council Regulation (EC) No 2062/94 of 18 July 1994 establishing a European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994R2062 CR - Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994R2100 CR - Council Regulation (EC) No 2454/1999 of 15 November 1999 amending Regulation (EC) No 1628/96 relating to aid for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, in particular by the setting up of a European Agency for Reconstruction. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999R2454 CR - Council Regulation (EC) No 2965/94 of 28 November 1994 setting up a Translation Centre for bodies of the European Union. https://tinyurl.com/7vnzfad7 CR - Council Regulation (EC) No 168/2007 of 15 February 2007 establishing a European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. https://tinyurl.com/bdx6dywy CR - Council Regulation (EC) No 768/2005 of 26 April 2005 establishing a Community Fisheries Control Agency and amending Regulation (EEC) No 2847/93 establishing a control system applicable to the common fisheries policy. https://tinyurl.com/2p8xke8w CR - Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 of 25 June 2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of the European Communities. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32002R1605 CR - Curtin, D. (2005). Delegation to EU non-majoritarian agencies and emerging practices of public accountability. D. Gerardin, N. Petit (Ed). Regulation through agencies in the EU: a new paradigm of European governance içinde (ss. 88-119). Routledge. CR - De la Harpe, S., Rijken, C. R. J. J. ve Roos, R. (2008). Good governance. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 11(2), 2-15. CR - Ekelund, H. (2010). The agencification of Europe: explaining the establishment of European Community agencies. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Nottingham. CR - Eriksen, A. (2019). Agency accountability: management of expectations or answerability to mandate?. TARN Working Paper Series. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3328444 CR - EUR-Lex (2001). Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32001R1049 CR - European Ombudsman (2010). Draft recommendations of the European Ombudsman in his inquiry into complaint 775/2010/ANA against the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/recommendation/en/11089 CR - European Ombudsman (2013). Decision European Ombudsman closing the inguiry into complaint 1556/2013/MHZ against European Medicines Agency (EMA). https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/decision/en/54431 CR - European Parliament (2017). European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2017-0051_EN.html CR - European Union (1963). Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1963: Plaumann & Co. v Commission of the European Economic Community - Case 25-62. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61962CJ0025 CR - European Union (1997). Treaty establishing the European Community (Amsterdam consolidated version) - Part Five: Institutions of the Community - Title I: Provisions governing the institutions - Chapter 2: Provisions common to several institutions - Article 255. Consolidated version. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A11997E255 CR - Everson, M., Majone, G., Metcalfe, L. ve Schout, A. (1999). The role of specialised agencies in decentralising EU governance: Report presented to the Commission. European Commission. CR - Geradin, D. ve Petit, N. (2004). The development of agencies at EU and national levels: conceptual analysis and proposals for reform. Jean Monnet Working Paper No. 01/04. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.489722 CR - İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. (2024). AB Ajansları. https://www.ikv.org.tr/ikv.asp?ust_id=3&id=2059 CR - Inglese, M. (2017). The External Projection of EU’s Agencies: an emphasis on the Ombudsman’s role. TARN Working Papers 13/2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3048222 CR - Kelemen, D. R. (2002). The politics of eurocratic structure and the new European agencies. West European Politics, 25(4), 93-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/713601644 CR - Kelemen, R. D. (2005). The politics of Eurocracy: building a new European state?. N.Jabko, C.Parsons (Ed). The state of the European Union içinde (ss. 173-189). Oxford University Press. CR - Kreher, A. (1997). Agencies in the European Community-a step towards administrative integration in Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 4(2), 225-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501769709696340 CR - Majone, G. (1996). Temporal consistency and policy credibility: why democracies need non-majoritarian institutions. European University Institute, Working Paper RSC No 96/57. https://www.eui.eu/Documents/RSCAS/Publications/WorkingPapers/9657.pdf CR - Merkel W. (2012, 23-24 Haziran). Avrupa’da demokrasi ve katılımcılık krizi var mı?. N.Boztekin (Ed.). Demokrasi ve Siyasal Katılım Uluslararası Konferans: Bildiriler içinde (ss. 9-21). Heinrich Böll Stiftung Derneği Türkiye Temsilciliği. CR - Ongaro, E. (2014). The Governance dynamics of the emergent European administrative order: explaining the strategy process of eu agencies (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). King’s College London. CR - Panizza, R. (2019). Transparency, integrity and accountability in the EU institutions. https://tinyurl.com/2e8st5dm Regulation (EC) No 1211/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 establishing the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) and the Office (Text with EEA relevance). https://tinyurl.com/3tcse229 CR - Regulation (EC) No 1339/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 establishing a European Training Foundation (recast). https://tinyurl.com/3c5b3d6p CR - Regulation (EC) No 1406/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 establishing a European Maritime Safety Agency (Text with EEA relevance). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002R1406 CR - Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002R0178 CR - Regulation (EC) No 1922/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on establishing a European Institute for Gender Equality. https://tinyurl.com/2a3yshas CR - Regulation (EC) No 401/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network (Codified version). https://tinyurl.com/5am44ssd CR - Regulation (EC) No 713/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (Text with EEA relevance). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009R0713 CR - Regulation (EC) No 851/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 april 2004 establishing a European Centre for disease prevention and control. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32004R0851 CR - Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. https://tinyurl.com/8e3xns4d CR - Regulation (EC) No 1920/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (recast). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006R1920 CR - Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency (EEA Text with relevance). https://tinyurl.com/2szps9rb CR - Regulation (EEC) No 1365/75 of the Council of 26 May 1975 on the creation of a European Foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31975R1365 CR - Regulation (EEC) No 337/75 of the Council of 10 February 1975 establishing a European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. https://tinyurl.com/43eu5ezw CR - Regulation (EU) 2015/2219 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL) and replacing and repealing Council Decision 2005/681/JHA. https://tinyurl.com/bdhw53af CR - Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2016 on the European Border and Coast Guard and amending Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 863/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 and Council Decision 2005/267/EC. https://tinyurl.com/yrk4xh3m CR - Regulation (EU) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and replacing and repealing Council Decisions 2009/371/JHA, 2009/934/JHA, 2009/935/JHA, 2009/936/JHA and 2009/968/JHA. https://tinyurl.com/mm6dj9su CR - Regulation (EU) 2016/796 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the European Union Agency for Railways and repealing Regulation (EC) No 881/2004 (Text with EEA relevance). https://tinyurl.com/s8zmthbe CR - Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trade mark (codification) (Text with EEA relevance). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32017R1001 CR - Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2018 on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Union Aviation Safety Agency, and amending Regulations (EC) No 2111/2005, (EC) No 1008/2008, (EU) No 996/2010, (EU) No 376/2014 and Directives 2014/30/EU and 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 552/2004 and (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91 (Text with EEA relevance.) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32018R1139 CR - Regulation (EU) No 439/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 establishing a European Asylum Support Office. https://tinyurl.com/2pe936pd CR - Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 concerning the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) and repealing Regulation (EC) No 460/2004 Text with EEA relevance. https://tinyurl.com/4z2wafpe CR - Regulation (EU) No 912/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 setting up the European GNSS Agency, repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1321/2004 on the establishment of structures for the management of the European satellite radio navigation programmes and amending Regulation (EC) No 683/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010R0912 CR - Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1023/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 amending the Staff Regulations of Officials of the European Union and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Union. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/1023/oj CR - Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1141/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the statute and funding of European political parties and European political foundations. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014R1141 CR - Scholten, M. (2015). The political accountability of EU and US independent regulatory agencies. Brill Nijhoff. CR - Schout, A. ve Pereyra, F. (2011). The institutionalization of EU agencies: agencies as ‘mini commissions’. Public administration, 89(2), 418-432. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01821.x CR - Schultze, C. L. (1977). The public use of private ınterest. Brookings Institution. CR - Svedin, L. M. (2011). The autonomy of European Union agencies: A comparative study of ınstitutional development. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 13(3), 343. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2011.565919 CR - Verhoeven, A. (2000). The Right to Information: a Fundamental Right? Lecture at EIPA. https://core.ac.uk/reader/5074150 CR - Vos, E. (2018). EU Agencies, common approach and parliamentary scrutiny. European Parliamentary research service study. https://tinyurl.com/mtdsaj5v CR - Yataganas, X. A. (2001). Delegation of regulatory authority in the European Union: the relevance of the American model of independent agencies. Jean Monnet Working Papers No. 03/01. https://jeanmonnetprogram.org/archive/papers/01/010301.html UR - https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1600642 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4436752 ER -