TY  - JOUR
T1  - Performance Evaluation of Flywheel, Battery and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems on Frequency Regulation in the Context of Renewable Energy Integration
AU  - Vural, Ahmet Mete
AU  - Ibrahim, Aliyu Garba
PY  - 2025
DA  - May
Y2  - 2025
JF  - Natural Sciences and Engineering Bulletin
JO  - NASE
PB  - Gaziantep University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 3023-8293
SP  - 26
EP  - 55
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - Frequency regulation is a crucial aspect of power system operation as it ensures that the power systems operate in a stable manner. Variations in load and renewable energy generation are the main causes of frequency instability due to weather uncertainty. This paper investigates the effects of variations in load and renewable energy generation on frequency control in power systems. Also, three different energy storage technologies (Flywheel, Battery, and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) are integrated to test systems to investigate their effects on frequency control. To enhance the dynamic performance of the frequency controller, three recent optimization methods (Artificial Rabbit Optimization, Lightning Search Algorithm, and Whale Optimization Algorithm) are utilized when the test systems are subjected to different operating conditions and disturbances. The superiority of the Artificial Rabbit Optimization in comparison with other optimization methods is shown in effectively mitigating frequency oscillations in both single-area and two-area test systems. The energy storage solutions are evaluated in terms of damping effect, transient stability, and integral time absolute error index in two test systems. A compressive simulation study is conducted, and the results are presented and discussed.
KW  - Battery energy storage
KW  - Flywheel energy storage
KW  - Superconducting energy storage
KW  - Wind turbine
KW  - Photovoltaic
KW  - Artificial rabbit optimization
KW  - Lightning search algorithm
KW  - Whale optimization algorithm
CR  - Akram, U., Nadarajah, M., Shah, R., and Milano, F. (2020). A review on rapid responsive energy storage technologies for frequency regulation in modern power systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 120, 109626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109626
CR  - Ali, G., Aly, H., and Little, T. (2024). Automatic generation control of a multi-area hybrid renewable energy system using a proposed novel GA-fuzzy logic self-tuning PID controller. Energies, 17(9), 2000. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092000
CR  - Altayf, A., Trabelsi, H., Hmad, J., and Benachaiba, C. (2024). Multi-criteria decision-making approach to the intelligent selection of PV-BESS based on cost and reliability. International Journal of Energy Production and Management, 9(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijepm.090203
CR  - Cañizares, C. A., E, N. S. G., Bhattacharya, K., andSohm, D. (2021). Frequency regulation model of bulk power systems with energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 37(2), 913–926. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3108728
CR  - Hutchinson, A. J., Harrison, C. M., Bryden, T. S., Alahyari, A., Hu, Y., Gladwin, D. T., ... and Forsyth, A. (2025). A comprehensive review of modeling approaches for grid-connected energy storage technologies. Journal of Energy Storage, 109, 115057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.115057
CR  - Cansiz, A., Faydaci, C., Qureshi, M. T., Usta, O., and McGuiness, D. T. (2017). Integration of a SMES–battery-based hybrid energy storage system into microgrids. Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, 31(5), 1449–1457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-017-4338-4
CR  - El-Saady, G., Ibrahim, E. A., and Okilly, A. H. (2018). HVDC FACTS controller for load frequency control system. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Energy Engineering (ICEE-4), Aswan University, Egypt.
CR  - Elsisi, M., Aboelela, M., Soliman, M., and Mansour, W. (2018). Design of optimal model predictive controller for LFC of nonlinear multi-area power system with energy storage devices. Electric Power Components and Systems, 46(11–12), 1300–1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2018.1469056
CR  - Georgious, R., Refaat, R., Garcia, J., and Daoud, A. A. (2021). Review on energy storage systems in microgrids. Electronics, 10(17), 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172134
CR  - Hajiaghasi, S., Salemnia, A., and Hamzeh, M. (2019). Hybrid energy storage system for microgrids applications: A review. Journal of Energy Storage, 21, 543–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.12.017
CR  - Ibraheem, M. I., Edrisi, M., Gholipour, M., and Alhelou, H. H. (2022). A novel frequency regulation in islanded microgrid using sliding mode control with disturbance observers considering storages and EVs. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 105, 108537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108537
CR  - Chakraborty, M. R., Dawn, S., Saha, P. K., Basu, J. B., and Ustun, T. S. (2022). A comparative review on energy storage systems and their application in deregulated systems. Batteries, 8(9), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8090124
CR  - Ibrahim, L. O., In-Young, C., Jang, Y., Shim, J. W., Sung, Y. M., Yoon, M., and Suh, J. (2022). Coordinated frequency control of an energy storage system with a generator for frequency regulation in a power plant. Sustainability, 14(24), 16933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416933
CR  - Jaffal, H., Guanetti, L., Rancilio, G., Spiller, M., Bovera, F., and Merlo, M. (2024). Battery energy storage system performance in providing various electricity market services. Batteries, 10(3), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10030069
CR  - Julius, A., Corigliano, S., Merlo, M., and Dan, Z. (2022). BESS primary frequency control strategies for West African power pool. Energies, 15, 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030990
CR  - Ramesh Kumar, S., and Ganapathy, S. (2013). Design of load frequency controllers for interconnected power systems with superconducting magnetic energy storage units using bat algorithm. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 6(4), 42–47.
CR  - Khalil, A. E., Boghdady, T. A., Alham, M. H., and Ibrahim, D. K. (2023). Enhancing the conventional controllers for load frequency control of isolated microgrids using proposed multi-objective formulation via artificial rabbits optimization algorithm. IEEE Access, 11, 3472–3493. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3234043
CR  - Li, M., Shan, R., Abdullah, A., Tian, J., and Gao, S. (2023). High energy capacity or high energy rating: Which is the more important performance metric for battery energy storage systems at different penetrations of variable renewables? Journal of Energy Storage, 59, 106560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106560
CR  - Lin, X., and Zamora, R. (2022). Controls of hybrid energy storage systems in microgrids: Critical review, case study and future trends. Journal of Energy Storage, 47, 103884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103884
CR  - Lu, R. (2022). Sustainability and environmental efficiency of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 26, 365–371. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4005
CR  - McIlwaine, N., Foley, A. M., Kez, D. A., Best, R., Lu, X., and Zhang, C. (2021). A market assessment of distributed battery energy storage to facilitate higher renewable penetration in an isolated power system. IEEE Access, 10, 2382–2398. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3139159
CR  - Mirjalili, S., and Lewis, A. (2016). The whale optimization algorithm. Advances in Engineering Software, 95, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008
CR  - Moradi-Shahrbabak, Z., and Jadidoleslam, M. (2023). A new index for techno-economical comparison of storage technologies considering effect of self-discharge. IET Renewable Power Generation, 17, 1699–1712. https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12704
CR  - Mugyema, M., Botha, C. D., Kamper, M. J., Wang, R.-J., and Sebitosi, A. B. (2023). Levelised cost of storage comparison of energy storage systems for use in primary response application. Journal of Energy Storage, 59, 106568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106573
CR  - Nguyen, X. P., and Hoang, A. T. (2020). The flywheel energy storage system: An effective solution to accumulate renewable energy. In 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) (pp. 1322–1328). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCS48705.2020.9074469
CR  - Nguyen-Huu, T., Nguyen, V. T., Hur, K., and Shim, J. W. (2020). Coordinated control of a hybrid energy storage system for improving the capability of frequency regulation and state-of-charge management. Energies, 13(23), 6304. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236304
CR  - Oskouei, M. Z., Seker, A. A., Tunçel, S., Demirbaş, E., Gözel, T., Hocaoğlu, M. H., ... and Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B. (2022). A critical review on the impacts of energy storage systems and demand-side management strategies in the economic operation of renewable-based distribution network. Sustainability, 14, 2110. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042110
CR  - Patel, V., Guha, D., and Purwar, S. (2019). Frequency regulation of an islanded microgrid using integral sliding mode control. In 2019 8th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS48983.2019.9067402
CR  - Peralta, D., Canizares, C., and Bhattacharya, K. (2021). Practical modeling of flywheel energy storage for primary frequency control in power grids. In 2021 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) (pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2018.8585844
CR  - Qu, H., and Ye, Z. (2023). Comparison of dynamic response characteristics of typical energy storage technologies for suppressing wind power fluctuation. Sustainability, 15(3), 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032437
CR  - Ray, P. K., and Mohanty, A. (2019). A robust firefly–swarm hybrid optimization for frequency control in wind/PV/FC based microgrid. Applied Soft Computing, 85, 105823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105823
CR  - Rouniyar, A., and Karki, M. (2021, October). Energy management system for hybrid PV-Wind-Battery based standalone system. In Proceedings of the 10th IOE Graduate Conference. (pp. 131-138). https://conference.ioe.edu.np/ioegc10/papers/ioegc-10-018-10024.pdf
CR  - Saadat, H. (2002). Power system analysis (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
CR  - Sahu, R. K., Gorripotu, T. S., and Panda, S. (2015). Automatic generation control of multi-area power systems with diverse energy sources using Teaching Learning Based Optimization algorithm. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 19(1), 113–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.07.011
CR  - Santhi, R. V., Sudha, K., and Devi, S. P. (2013). Robust load frequency control of multi-area interconnected system including SMES units using type-2 fuzzy controller. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE) (Vol. 5, pp. 1–7). https://doi.org/10.1109/FUZZ-IEEE.2013.6622324
CR  - Sassi, A., Zaidi, N., Nasri, O., and Slama, J. B. H. (2017). Energy management of PV/wind/battery hybrid energy system based on batteries utilization optimization. In 2017 International Conference on Green Energy Conversion Systems (GECS) (pp. 1–7). https://doi.org/10.1109/GECS.2017.8066133
CR  - Shareef, H., Ibrahim, A. A., and Mutlag, A. H. (2015). Lightning search algorithm. Applied Soft Computing, 36, 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.07.028
CR  - Simpa, N. P., Solomon, N. N. O., Adenekan, N. O. A., and Obasi, N. S. C. (2024). The safety and environmental impacts of battery storage systems in renewable energy. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 22(2), 564–580. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1398
CR  - Vishnuvardhan, V. Y., and Saravanan, B. (2023). Multimachine stability improvement with hybrid energy renewable system using a superconducting magnetic energy storage in power systems. Journal of Energy Storage, 57, 106255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106255
CR  - Wang, S., Li, F., Zhang, G., and Yin, C. (2022a). Analysis of energy storage demand for peak shaving and frequency regulation of power systems with high penetration of renewable energy. Energy, 267, 126586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.126586
CR  - Wang, L., Cao, Q., Zhang, Z., Mirjalili, S., and Zhao, W. (2022b). Artificial rabbits optimization: A new bio-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm for solving engineering optimization problems. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 114, 105082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105082
CR  - Worku, M. Y. (2022). Recent advances in energy storage systems for renewable source grid integration: A comprehensive review. Sustainability, 14, 5985. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105985
CR  - Xie, D., Wei, X., Ning, Y., Yang, S., and Zhou, Z. (2023). Power system restoration method with the flywheel energy storage support. In 2023 8th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE) (pp. 1028–1032).
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPRE59655.2023.10353641
CR  - Yao, J., Yu, M., Gao, W., and Zeng, X. (2016). Frequency regulation control strategy for PMSG wind‐power generation system with flywheel energy storage unit. IET Renewable Power Generation, 11(8), 1082–1093. https://doi.org/10.1049/IET-RPG.2016.0047
CR  - Zhang, K., Mo, J., Liu, Z., Yin, W., Wu, F., and You, J. (2025). Life cycle environmental and economic impacts of various energy storage systems: Eco-efficiency analysis and potential for sustainable deployments. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. https://doi.org/10.1093/inteam/vjaf035
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/nase/issue//1621945
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4529717
ER  -