TY - JOUR T1 - IAEA and Nuclear Security: An Evolutionary Perspective TT - IAEA ve Nükleer Emniyet: Evrimsel Yaklaşım AU - Alkış, Muhammed Ali AU - Sökmen Alaca, Aşkın İnci PY - 2025 DA - September Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.59474/nuclear.2023.63 JF - Journal of Nuclear Sciences PB - Ankara University WT - DergiPark SN - 2147-7736 SP - 17 EP - 22 VL - 9 IS - 2 LA - en AB - Since 1957, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has expanded its role in nuclear security. While it was only intended to focus on promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy in line with safeguards implementation to prevent nuclear proliferation, its mandate has, in time, evolved to address the emerging threats to nuclear technology, i.e., nuclear terrorism and illicit trafficking of nuclear materials. In this historical perspective, the article analyses the development of the IAEA's nuclear security framework. Over time, there have been key points, such as the need for physical protection in the 1970s and the establishment of comprehensive security measures after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Currently, the IAEA's nuclear security program consists of guidance, training, and international cooperation efforts, which are only available upon the request of Member States. More recently, it has expanded its nuclear security efforts to provide technical assistance and monitor nuclear safety and security in conflict zones. However, this expansion has not been easy for the IAEA as it has challenges such as funding limitations and the tension between national sovereignty and international oversight. Ultimately, the IAEA's nuclear security role as the global platform shows its critical importance in enhancing international efforts to mitigate nuclear security threats. However, while the IAEA has made important progress in nuclear security, structural and political limitations constrain its effectiveness. KW - physical protection KW - nuclear security KW - IAEA KW - nuclear material KW - nuclear facility N2 - Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı (IAEA) 1957'den bu yana nükleer emniyet konusundaki rolünü genişletmiştir. Başlangıçta sadece nükleer enerjinin barışçıl amaçlarla kullanımının teşvik edilmesi ve nükleer silahların yayılmasının önlenmesine yönelik emniyet tedbirlerinin uygulanmasına odaklanması amaçlanmışken, zaman içinde nükleer terörizm ve nükleer maddelerin yasadışı ticareti gibi nükleer teknolojiye yönelik ortaya çıkan tehditleri ele almak üzere görev alanı değişmiştir. Bu tarihsel perspektifte, makale IAEA'nın nükleer emniyet çerçevesinin gelişimini analiz etmektedir. Zaman içinde, 1970'lerde fiziksel koruma ihtiyacı ve 11 Eylül terör saldırılarından sonra kapsamlı emniyet tedbirlerinin oluşturulması gibi kilit noktalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Şu anda IAEA'nın nükleer emniyet programı, sadece Üye Devletlerin talebi üzerine sunulan rehberlik, eğitim ve uluslararası işbirliği çabalarından oluşmaktadır. Son zamanlarda, IAEA nükleer emniyet çabalarını teknik yardım sağlamak ve çatışma bölgelerinde nükleer emniyet ve güvenliği izlemek üzere genişletmiştir. Ancak bu genişleme IAEA için kolay olmamıştır çünkü finansman kısıtlamaları ve ulusal egemenlik ile uluslararası gözetim arasındaki gerilim gibi zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, IAEA'nın küresel bir platform olarak nükleer emniyet rolü, nükleer emniyet tehditlerinin azaltılmasına yönelik uluslararası çabaların arttırılmasındaki kritik önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak IAEA nükleer emniyet konusunda önemli ilerlemeler kaydetmiş olsa da yapısal ve siyasi sınırlamalar etkinliğini kısıtlamaktadır. CR - [1] IAEA, Objective and Essential Elements of a State’s Nuclear Security Regime, IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 20, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2013. 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