TY - JOUR T1 - Dynamic Voting-Based Ensemble Deep Learning for Closely Resembling Crop Classification TT - Dinamik Oylama Tabanlı Topluluk Derin Öğrenme ile Benzer Mahsullerin Sınıflandırılması AU - Eşme, Engin AU - Şen, Muhammed Arif AU - Çimen, Halil PY - 2025 DA - June Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.29109/gujsc.1632938 JF - Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji JO - GUJS Part C PB - Gazi University WT - DergiPark SN - 2147-9526 SP - 653 EP - 664 VL - 13 IS - 2 LA - en AB - Utilizing modern deep learning techniques for image processing and data classification holds immense promise for yielding significant outcomes. Consequently, deep learning-based approaches have demonstrated successful applications in agricultural contexts, particularly in tasks such as image classification and data analysis. This study focuses on classifying agricultural crop images, which often bear close resemblance, employing 17 distinct deep learning models and dynamic voting. Initially, the paper provides a concise overview of the dataset and the deep learning methodologies employed. Subsequently, the training and testing phases are carried out effectively. The dataset comprises a total of 804 images depicting five different types of crops: jute, maize, rice, sugarcane, and wheat. To ensure robustness, 10-fold cross-validation is employed, and experiments are conducted consistently across all models using the same sample sets. The results obtained report which models can more accurately detect and classify agricultural crop images. Further, the proposed ensemble approach improves accuracy and ensures greater robustness and stability. According to the experimental findings, Shufflenet achieved the highest individual accuracy of 98.63% on the test set, but the ensemble approach increased this value to 99.75%. KW - Deep Learning KW - Dynamic Voting KW - Crop Classification N2 - Güncel derin öğrenme tekniklerinin görüntü işleme ve veri sınıflandırma için kullanılması, önemli sonuçlar elde etme açısından büyük bir potansiyel barındırmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, derin öğrenme tabanlı yaklaşımlar tarımsal alanlarda, özellikle görüntü sınıflandırma ve veri analizi gibi görevlerde başarılı uygulamalar sergilemektedir. Bu çalışma, genellikle birbirine çok benzeyen tarımsal mahsul görüntülerini sınıflandırmayı amaçlayarak 17 farklı derin öğrenme modeli ve dinamik oylama yöntemini kullanmaktadır. Çalışmanın başlangıcında veri seti ve kullanılan derin öğrenme yöntemlerine ilişkin kısa bir genel bakış sunulmaktadır. Ardından eğitim ve test aşamaları etkili bir şekilde yürütülmektedir. Veri seti, kenevir, mısır, pirinç, şeker kamışı ve buğday olmak üzere beş farklı mahsul türüne ait toplam 804 görüntüden oluşmaktadır. 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