TY  - JOUR
T1  - GRUPLARARASI TEMAS VE SOSYAL DEĞİŞİM: SOSYAL KİMLİK YAKLAŞIMI ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR DERLEME
TT  - INTERGROUP CONTACT AND SOCIAL CHANGE: A REVIEW WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SOCIAL IDENTITY APPROACH
AU  - Yurtbakan, Taylan
AU  - Akfırat, Serap
PY  - 2025
DA  - April
Y2  - 2025
JF  - Türk Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi
JO  - JTSSR
PB  - Hasan Kalyoncu University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2548-009X
SP  - 34
EP  - 53
VL  - 10
IS  - 1
LA  - tr
AB  - Gruplararası temas birçok çalışmada önyargıları kırma ve ayrımcı davranışları gidermede etkili bir mekanizma olarak görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, dezavantajlı grup üyelerinin kolektif eylemlere katılma ve sosyal değişimi gerçekleştirme yolunda bir engel ve geciktirme mekanizması olarak eleştirilmiştir. Bu derleme, öncelikle Gruplararası Temas Kuramını ve Sosyal Kimlik Yaklaşımının sosyal değişim ile ilgili öngörülerini tanıtacaktır. Ardından, dezavantajlı grup üyelerinin avantajlı grup üyeleri ile deneyimledikleri farklı temas türlerinin sosyo-yapısal faktörler ve kimlik yönetim stratejileri üzerindeki etkileri ele alınarak kolektif eylemlere katılım ve sosyal değişim niyetleri ile olan bağlantıları açıklanacaktır. Bu çerçevede, farklı temas türlerinin sosyo-yapısal faktörler ve kimlik yönetim stratejileri üzerinde farklı etkiler yaratabileceği ve bunun bir sonucu olarak dezavantajlı grup üyelerinin sosyal değişim niyetlerindeki farklılaşmanın nasıl gerçekleştiği, Sosyal Kimlik Yaklaşımının öngörüleri temelinde bütüncül bir şekilde incelenecektir.
KW  - gruplararası temas
KW  - sosyal kimlik yaklaşımı
KW  - sosyal değişim
N2  - Intergroup contact has been recognized in numerous studies as an effective mechanism for reducing prejudice and eliminating discriminatory behaviors. However, it has also been criticized as a barrier and delay mechanism in the participation of disadvantaged group members in collective action and social change. This review will primarily introduce Intergroup Contact Theory and the Social Identity Approach’s predictions regarding social change. Subsequently, the impacts of different types of intergroup contact experienced by disadvantaged group members with advantaged group members on socio-structural factors and identity management strategies will be discussed, along with the connections to participation in collective action and intentions for social change. In this context, the review will explore how different types of intergroup contact, guided by the predictions of the Social Identity Approach, affect socio-structural factors and identity management strategies, ultimately shaping the social change intentions of disadvantaged group members.
CR  - Aberson, C. L. (2015). Positive intergroup contact, negative intergroup contact, and threat as predictors of cognitive and affective dimensions of prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(6), 743-760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214556699
CR  - Akpınar, T. (2017). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mülteci çocukların ve kadınların sosyal politika bağlamında yaşadıkları sorunlar. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 16-29.
CR  - Allport, G. W., Clark, K. ve Pettigrew, T. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Perseus Books.
CR  - Amir, Y. (1976). The role of intergroup contact in change of prejudice and ethnic relations. In Towards the elimination of racism (pp. 245-308). Pergamon.
CR  - Andrighetto, L., Mari, S., Volpato, C. ve Behluli, B. (2012). Reducing competitive victimhood in kosovo: The role of extended contact and common ingroup identity: reducing competitive victimhood. Political Psychology, 33(4), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00887.x
CR  - Australian Marriage Equality. (2014). Fact sheets. Australian Marriage Equality. http://www.australianmarriageequality.org/ get-informed/fact-sheets/
CR  - Bagci, S. C., Husnu, S., Turnuklu, A. ve Tercan, M. (2021). Do I really want to engage in contact? Volition as a new dimension of intergroup contact. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(2), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2733
CR  - Bagci, S. C., Piyale, Z. E., ve Ebcim, E. (2018). Imagined contact in high conflict settings: The role of ethnic group identification and the perspective of minority group members. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12485
CR  - Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R. M., Harwood, J., Rubin, M. ve Sibley, C. G. (2012). The contact caveat: Negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(12), 1629–1643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457953
CR  - Becker, J. C. (2012). The system-stabilizing role of identity management strategies: Social creativity can undermine collective action for social change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 647-662. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029240
CR  - Becker, J. C., Wright, S. C., Lubensky, M. E. ve Zhou, S. (2013). Friend or ally: Whether cross-group contact undermines collective action depends on what advantaged group members say (Or don’t say). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(4), 442-455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213477155
CR  - Bettencourt, B. A., Charlton, K., Dorr, N. ve Hume, D. L. (2001). Status differences and in-group bias: A meta-analytic examination of the effects of status stability, status legitimacy, and group permeability. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 520-542. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.520
CR  - Bezouw, M. J., Toorn, J. ve Becker, J. C. (2021). Social creativity: Reviving a social identity approach to social stability. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(2), 409-422. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2732
CR  - Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., Maquil, A., Demoulin, S. ve Leyens, J.-P. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three european countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 843-856. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013470
CR  - Blanz, M., Mummendey, A., Mielke, R. ve Klink, A. (1998). Responding to negative social identity: A taxonomy of identity management strategies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(5), 697-729. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199809/10)28:5 <697::AID-EJSP889>3.0.CO;2-#
CR  - Brown, B. B. ve Lohr, M. J. (1987). Peer-group affiliation and adolescent self-esteem: An integration of ego-identity and symbolic-interaction theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.47
CR  - Brown, R., ve Paterson, J. (2016). Indirect contact and prejudice reduction: Limits and possibilities. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 20-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.005
CR  - Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(6), 745-778. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0992(200011/12)30:6 <745::AID-EJSP24>3.0.CO;2-O
CR  - Brown, R. ve Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 37, pp. 255–343). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37005-5
CR  - Cakal, H., Hewstone, M., Schwär, G. ve Heath, A. (2011). An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the ‘sedative’ effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa: Investigation of the SIMCA and the sedative effect of contact. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 606-627. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02075.x
CR  - Chamberlin, K. G. ve Plant, E. A. (2024). Getting by with a little help from my antiracist White friends: Can White antiracism counteract the demobilizing effect of positive contact? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13684302241286442. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302241286442
CR  - Claassen, C. (2016). Group entitlement, anger and participation in intergroup violence. British Journal of Political Science, 46(1), 127-148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341400012X
CR  - Cohen-Chen, S. ve Van Zomeren, M. (2018). Yes we can? Group efficacy beliefs predict collective action, but only when hope is high. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 77, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.016
CR  - Cook, S. W. (1984). Cooperative interaction in multiethnic contexts. In Groups in contact (pp. 155-185). Academic Press
CR  - de Vos, B., van Zomeren, M., Gordijn, E. H. ve Postmes, T. (2013). The communication of “pure” group-based anger reduces tendencies toward intergroup conflict because it increases out-group empathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(8), 1043-1052. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213489140
CR  - Derks, B., van Laar, C., Ellemers, N. ve Raghoe, G. (2015). Extending the queen bee effect: How hindustani workers cope with disadvantage by distancing the self from the group: self-group distancing among ethnic minorities. Journal of Social Issues, 71(3), 476-496. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12124
CR  - Devos, T., Silver, L. A., Mackie, D. M. ve Smith, E. R. (2002). D. M. Mackie ve E. R. Smith (Ed.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions içinde (ss. 111–134). Taylor & Francis.
CR  - Di Bernardo, G. A., Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., McKeown, S., Cocco, V. M., Saguy, T. ve Dixon, J. (2021). Fostering social change among advantaged and disadvantaged group members: Integrating intergroup contact and social identity perspectives on collective action. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(1), 26-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219889134
CR  - Dixon, J., Durrheim, K. ve Tredoux, C. (2007). Intergroup contact and attitudes toward the principle and practice of racial equality. Psychological Science, 18(10), 867-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01993.x
Dixon, J., Durrheim, K., Tredoux, C., Tropp, L., Clack, B. ve Eaton, L. (2010). A paradox of integration? Interracial contact, prejudice reduction, and perceptions of racial discrimination: a paradox of integration. Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01652.x
CR  - Dixon, J., Levine, M., Reicher, S. ve Durrheim, K. (2012). Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(6), 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11002214
CR  - Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L. ve Saguy, T. (2009). Commonality and the complexity of “we”: Social attitudes and social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308326751
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Saguy, T. ve Halabi, S. (2008). From when to why: Understanding how contact reduces bias. In Improving intergroup relations (pp. 73-90). Blackwell Publishing
CR  - Droogendyk, L., Louis, W. R. ve Wright, S. C. (2016). Renewed promise for positive cross-group contact: The role of supportive contact in empowering collective action. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 48(4), 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000058
CR  - Durrheim, K. ve Dixon, J. (2010). Racial contact and change in south africa: Racial contact and change in south africa. Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), 273-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01645.x
CR  - Ellemers, N. (1993). The influence of socio-structural variables on identity management strategies. European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1), 27-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779343000013
CR  - Ellemers, N., van Knippenberg, A., De Vries, N. ve Wilke, H. (1988). Social identification and permeability of group boundaries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(6), 497-513. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180604
Federico, C. M. ve Levin, S. (2004). Intergroup biases as a function of reflected status appraisals and support for legitimizing ideologies: Evidence from the usa and israel. Social Justice Research, 17(1), 47-73. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SORE.0000018092.85878.f6
CR  - Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., Houlette, M., Johnson, K. M. ve McGlynn, E. A. (2000). Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1), 98-114. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.4.1.98
CR  - Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A. ve Dovidio, J. F. (1989). Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.239
CR  - Graf, S., Paolini, S. ve Rubin, M. (2014). Negative intergroup contact is more influential, but positive intergroup contact is more common: Assessing contact prominence and contact prevalence in five Central European countries: Influential negative but more common positive contact. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 536-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2052
CR  - Greenaway, K. H., Quinn, E. A. ve Louis, W. R. (2011). Appealing to common humanity increases forgiveness but reduces collective action among victims of historical atrocities: Appealing to common humanity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(5), 569-573. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.802
CR  - Harrington, H. J. ve Miller, N. (1992). Research and theory in intergroup relations: Issues of consensus and controversy. Cultural diversity and the schools, 2, 159-178.
CR  - Hayward, L. E., Tropp, L. R., Hornsey, M. J. ve Barlow, F. K. (2017). Toward a comprehensive understanding of intergroup contact: Descriptions and mediators of positive and negative contact among majority and minority groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216685291
CR  - Henrich, J., Heine, S. J. ve Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
CR  - Henry, P. J. ve Saul, A. (2006). The development of system justification in the developing world. Social Justice Research, 19(3), 365-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-006-0012-x
CR  - Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., Voci, A., Hamberger, J., ve Niens, U. (2006). Intergroup contact, forgiveness, and experience of “the troubles” in northern ireland. Journal of Social Issues, 62(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00441.x
CR  - Hogg, M. A. ve Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. Routledge.
CR  - Hornsey, M. J., Blackwood, L., Louis, W., Fielding, K., Mavor, K., Morton, T., O’Brien, A., Paasonen, K.-E., Smith, J. ve White, K. M. (2006). Why do people engage in collective action? Revisiting the role of perceived effectiveness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(7), 1701-1722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00077.x
CR  - Hughes, C., Warren, P. Y., Stewart, E. A., Tomaskovic-Devey, D. ve Mears, D. P. (2017). Racial threat, intergroup contact, and school punishment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(5), 583-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427816689811
CR  - Islam, M. R. ve Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(6), 700-710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293196005
CR  - Iyer, A. ve Ryan, M. K. (2009). Why do men and women challenge gender discrimination in the workplace? The role of group status and in-group identification in predicting pathways to collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 65(4), 791-814. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01625.x
CR  - Jackman, M. R. ve Crane, M. (1986). “Some of my best friends are Black…”: Interracial friendship and Whites' racial attitudes. Public opinion quarterly, 50(4), 459-486. https://doi.org/10.1086/268998
CR  - Jackson, J. W. (1993). Contact theory of intergroup hostility: A review and evaluation of the theoretical and empirical literature. International Journal of Group Tensions, 23(1), 43-65.
CR  - Jetten, J., Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R. ve McKimmie, B. M. (2005). Suppressing the negative effect of devaluation on group identification: The role of intergroup differentiation and intragroup respect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(2), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.07.008
CR  - Jiménez-Moya, G., Miranda, D., Drury, J., Saavedra, P. ve González, R. (2019). When nonactivists care: Group efficacy mediates the effect of social identification and perceived instability on the legitimacy of collective action. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(4), 563-577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217751631
CR  - Johnston, B. M. ve Glasford, D. E. (2018). Intergroup contact and helping: How quality contact and empathy shape outgroup helping. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(8), 1185-1201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217711770
Jost, J. T. (1997). An experimental replication of the depressed-entitlement effect among women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(3), 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00120.x
CR  - Jost, J. T. ve Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x
Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R. ve Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6), 881-919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x
CR  - Jost, J. T. ve Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(5), 260-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00377.xJost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Sheldon, O. ve Ni Sullivan, B. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.127
CR  - Karataş, M. (2015). Türk yazılı basınında Suriyeli sığınmacılar ile halk arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. The Journal of Migration Studies, 1(2), 112-151.
CR  - Kauff, M., Asbrock, F., Wagner, U., Pettigrew, T. F., Hewstone, M., Schäfer, S. J. ve Christ, O. (2017). (Bad)Feelings about meeting them? Episodic and chronic intergroup emotions associated with positive and negative intergroup contact as predictors of intergroup behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1449. 
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01449
CR  - Levin, S., van Laar, C. ve Sidanius, J. (2003). The effects of ingroup and outgroup friendships on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001013
CR  - Louis, W. R., Stork-Brett, K. ve Barlow, F. K. (2013). R. Harre ve F. M. Moghaddam (Ed.), The psychology of friendship and enmity: Relationships in love, work, politics, and war içinde (ss. 89–108). Praeger.
CR  - MacInnis, C. C. ve Hodson, G. (2019). Extending the benefits of intergroup contact beyond attitudes: When does intergroup contact predict greater collective action support? Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 3(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts5.23
CR  - Mackie, D. M., Devos, T. ve Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602-616. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.602
CR  - Major, B., Kaiser, C. R. ve McCoy, S. K. (2003). It’s not my fault: When and why attributions to prejudice protect self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 772-781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006009
McKeown, S. ve Dixon, J. (2017). The “contact hypothesis”: Critical reflections and future directions: Critical reflections and future directions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(1), e12295. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12295
CR  - Mummendey, A., Klink, A., Mielke, R., Wenzel, M. ve Blanz, M. (1999). Socio-structural characteristics of intergroup relations and identity management strategies: Results from a field study in East Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(2-3), 259-285.
CR  - Nir, R. ve Sophie, D. W. (2018). Perceived threat, blaming attribution, victim ethnicity and punishment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 66, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.06.004
CR  - Paolini, S., Harwood, J. ve Roffubin, M. (2010). Negative intergroup contact makes group memberships salient: Explaining why intergroup conflict endures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(12), 1723-1738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210388667
CR  - Paolini, S., Harwood, J., Rubin, M., Husnu, S., Joyce, N. ve Hewstone, M. (2014). Positive and extensive intergroup contact in the past buffers against the disproportionate impact of negative contact in the present. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 548-562. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2029Patchen, M. (1999). Diversity and unity: Relations between racial and ethnic group. Nelson-Hall Publishers.
CR  - Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297232006
CR  - Pettigrew, T. F. ve Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
CR  - Pettigrew, T. F. ve Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922-934. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.504
CR  - Plant, E. A. ve Devine, P. G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 790–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006011
CR  - Polat, F. Ç. ve Kaya, E. (2017). Bir Ötekileştirme Pratiği: Türkiye’de Yaşayan Suriyelilere Yönelik Tutumlar. Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 38-48.
CR  - Reicher, S. (2007). Rethinking the paradigm of prejudice. South African Journal of Psychology, 37(4), 820-834. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630703700410
CR  - Reimer, N. K., Becker, J. C., Benz, A., Christ, O., Dhont, K., Klocke, U., Neji, S., Rychlowska, M., Schmid, K. ve Hewstone, M. (2017). Intergroup contact and social change: Implications of negative and positive contact for collective action in advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(1), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216676478
CR  - Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W. ve Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
CR  - Rothbart, M. ve John, O. P. (1985). Social categorization and behavioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 81-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01130.x
CR  - Saguy, T., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F. ve Pratto, F. (2009). The irony of harmony: Intergroup contact can produce false expectations for equality. Psychological Science, 20(1), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02261.x
CR  - Schäfer, S. J., Kauff, M., Prati, F., Kros, M., Lang, T. ve Christ, O. (2021). Does negative contact undermine attempts to improve intergroup relations? Deepening the understanding of negative contact and its consequences for intergroup contact research and interventions. Journal of Social Issues, 77(1), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12422
CR  - Schlueter, E. ve Scheepers, P. (2010). The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes: A theoretical synthesis and empirical test of group threat- and intergroup contact theory. Social Science Research, 39(2), 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.07.006
CR  - Sengupta, N. K. ve Sibley, C. G. (2013). Perpetuating one’s own disadvantage: Intergroup contact enables the ideological legitimation of inequality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(11), 1391-1403. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213497593
CR  - Shelton, J. N. ve Richeson, J. A. (2005). Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.91
CR  - Sibley, C. G. ve Wilson, M. S. (2007). Political attitudes and the ideology of equality: Differentiating support for liberal and conservative political parties in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 36(2), 72–84.
CR  - Sidanius, J. ve Pratto, F. (2001). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge Univ. Press.
CR  - Sidanius, J., Levin, S., Van Laar, C. ve Sears, D. O. (2008). The diversity challenge: Social identity and intergroup relations on the college campus. Russell Sage Foundation.
CR  - Sönmez, M. E. ve Adıgüzel, F. (2017). Türkiye'de Suriyeli Sığınmacı Algısı: Gaziantep Şehri Örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(3), 797- 807
CR  - Stathi, S., Cameron, L., Hartley, B., ve Bradford, S. (2014). Imagined contact as a prejudice‐reduction intervention in schools: The underlying role of similarity and attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(8), 536-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12245
CR  - Stathi, S., ve Crisp, R. J. (2008). Imagining intergroup contact promotes projection to outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 943-957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.02.003
CR  - Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O. ve Morrison, K. R. (2009). T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination içinde (ss. 43–60). Psychology Press.
CR  - Stephan, W. G.ve Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x
CR  - Stürmer, S. ve Simon, B. (2004). Collective action: Towards a dual-pathway model. European Review of Social Psychology, 15(1), 59-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280340000117
CR  - Subašić, E., Reynolds, K. J. ve Turner, J. C. (2008). The political solidarity model of social change: Dynamics of self-categorization in intergroup power relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(4), 330-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308323223
CR  - Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin ve S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. (pp. 33–48). Brooks/Cole.
CR  - Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (1979). W. G. Austin ve S. Worchel (Ed.), The social psychology of intergroup relations içinde (ss. 33–48). Brooks/Cole.
CR  - Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (1986). S. Worchel ve W. G. Austin (Ed.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2. bs.) içinde (ss. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.
CR  - Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., Tausch, N., Maio, G. ve Kenworthy, J. (2007). The impact of intergroup emotions on forgiveness in northern ireland. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(1), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207071345
CR  - Tausch, N., Becker, J. C., Spears, R., Christ, O., Saab, R., Singh, P. ve Siddiqui, R. N. (2011). Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and nonnormative collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022728
CR  - Tausch, N., Saguy, T. ve Bryson, J. (2015). How does intergroup contact affect social change? Its impact on collective action and individual mobility intentions among members of a disadvantaged group: how does intergroup contact affect social change. Journal of Social Issues, 71(3), 536–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12127
CR  - Taylor, D. M. ve McKirnan, D. J. (1984). Theoretical contributions: A five-stage model of intergroup relations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23(4), 291-300.
CR  - Techakesari, P., Droogendyk, L., Wright, S. C., Louis, W. R. ve Barlow, F. K. (2017). Supportive contact and LGBT collective action: The moderating role of membership in specific groups. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23(3), 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000240
CR  - Terry, D. J., Carey, C. J. ve Callan, V. J. (2001). Employee adjustment to an organizational merger: An intergroup perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(3), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201273001
CR  - Tropp, L.R., Uluğ, Ö.M. ve Uysal, M.S. (2021). How intergroup contact and communication about group differences predict collective action intentions among advantaged groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.10.012
CR  - Turner, J. C. (1975). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420050102
CR  - Türkiye Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2025). Geçici koruma. https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T. ve Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 504–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504
CR  - van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H. ve Leach, C. W. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 649-664. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.649
CR  - Verkuyten, M., Thijs, J. ve Bekhuis, H. (2010). Intergroup contact and ingroup reappraisal: Examining the deprovincialization thesis. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(4), 398-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272510389015
CR  - Vezzali, L., Andrighetto, L., Capozza, D., Di Bernardo, G.A. ve Saguy, T. (2017). Discussing differences between groups: The content of intergroup encounters and motivation for social change among members of advantaged groups. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 1(2), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts5.12
CR  - Vezzali, L., Capozza, D., Stathi, S. ve Giovannini, D. (2012). Increasing outgroup trust, reducing infrahumanization, and enhancing future contact intentions via imagined intergroup contact. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 437-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.09.008
CR  - Walker, I. ve Smith, H. J. (2002). Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Wright, S. C. (2001). J. T. Jost ve B. Major (Ed.), The psychology of legitimacy içinde (ss. 223–254). Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Wright, S. C. (2010). J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick ve V. M. Esses (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination içinde (ss. 577-596). SAGE.
CR  - Wright, S. C. (2013). J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick ve V. M. Esses (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination içinde (ss. 345-360). SAGE.
CR  - Wright, S. C. ve Lubensky, M. E. (2009). The struggle for social equality: Collective action versus prejudice reduction. In S. Demoulin, J.-P. Leyens ve J. F. Dovidio (Eds.), Intergroup misunderstandings: Impact of divergent social realities (pp. 291–310). Psychology Press.
CR  - Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M. ve Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 994-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.994
CR  - Zhou, S., Page-Gould, E., Aron, A., Moyer, A., ve Hewstone, M. (2019). The extended contact hypothesis: A meta-analysis on 20 years of research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(2), 132-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318762647
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tursbad/issue//1639697
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4608836
ER  -