TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of Contact Accidents Onboard Ships Assisted by Maritime Pilots
AU  - Canımoğlu, Refik
AU  - Yıldırım, Umut
AU  - Demirci, S. M. Esad
PY  - 2025
DA  - June
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.56850/jnse.1641797
JF  - Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering
JO  - JNSE
PB  - Millî Savunma Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1304-2025
SP  - 73
EP  - 96
VL  - 21
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - Maritime accidents arise from multiple factors, typically including the interplay of more than one cause element. To mitigate the danger of accidents, marine pilots provide their expertise in vital waterways, including port basins and tight channels. Nonetheless, maritime accidents continue to transpire on vessels aided by pilots. In addition to its advantages, pilotage activities also possess downsides. The drawbacks mostly stem from inadequate collaboration between the ship's crew and the pilot, arising from bad communication and insufficient teamwork. Contact accidents refer to collisions with stationary objects like as piers, shore cranes, and buoys. The damage inflicted can result in significant harm to vessels, prolonged port operations, and impaired functionality of navigational equipment, making the repercussions of contact incidents potentially catastrophic. The objective of our research is to identify the primary causes of contact accidents that occur onboard ships supported by maritime pilots and to analyze the correlations among these factors. To achieve this objective, maritime accident reports investigating contact incidents issued by various accident investigation agencies are evaluated to identify cause elements. Secondly, an expert group classifies causal factors utilizing HFACS-MA. Subsequently, the associations among causal components are examined by Association Rule Mining utilizing R Studio version 4.3.1. Ultimately, results are assessed, and conclusions are deliberated.
KW  - Maritime pilotage
KW  - maritime accident
KW  - HFACS
KW  - Association rule mining
CR  - Abreu, D. T. M. P., Maturana, M. C., Droguett, E. L., & Martins, M. R. (2022). “Human reliability analysis of conventional maritime pilotage operations supported by a prospective model”. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 228, 108763.
CR  - Acejo, I., Sampson, H., Turgo, N., Ellis, N., & Tang, L. (2018). “The causes of maritime accidents in the The causes of maritime accidents in the period 2002-2016”. https://safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SIRC-The-causes-of-maritime-accidents-in-the-period-2002-2016-2018_12.pdf.
CR  - Akten, N. (2006). “Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marine environment”. Mediterranean Environment, 12(3), 269–304.
CR  - Aydin, M., Uğurlu, Ö., & Boran, M. (2022). “Assessment of human error contribution to maritime pilot transfer operation under HFACS-PV and SLIM approach”. Ocean Engineering, 266, 112830. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2022.112830.
CR  - Bogalecka, M. (2024). “Collision and Contact – Analysis of Accidents at Sea”. TransNav, 18(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.18.01.06.
CR  - Chauvin, C., Lardjane, S., Morel, G., Clostermann, J. P., & Langard, B. (2013). “Human and organisational factors in maritime accidents: Analysis of collisions at sea using the HFACS”. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 59, 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AAP.2013.05.006.
CR  - Chen, S. T., Wall, A., Davies, P., Yang, Z., Wang, J., & Chou, Y. H. (2013). “A Human and Organisational Factors (HOFs) analysis method for marine casualties using HFACS-Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA)”. Safety Science, 60, 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2013.06.009.
CR  - Demirci, S. M. E., Canımoğlu, R., & Elçiçek, H. (2022). “An Evaluation of the Effects of Human Factors on Potential Ship Accidents Under Pilotage”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 11(1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1064311.
CR  - Ece, N. J. (2012). “Analysis of Ship Accidents in the Strait of İstanbul”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2).
CR  - Hetherington, C., Flin, R., & Mearns, K. (2006). “Safety in shipping: The human element”. Journal of Safety Research, 37(4), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSR.2006.04.007
CR  - Hong, J., Tamakloe, R., & Park, D. (2020). “Application of association rules mining algorithm for hazardous materials transportation crashes on expressway”. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 142. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AAP.2020.105497
CR  - Hossain, M. T., Awal, Z. I., & Das, S. (2014). “A Study on the Accidents of Inland Water Transportin Bangladesh: The Transportation System and Contact Type Accidents”. Journal of Transport System Engineering, 1(1), 23–32. https://jtse.utm.my/index.php/jtse/article/view/21/16
CR  - Huang, D., Liang, T., Hu, S., Loughney, S., & Wang, J. (2023). “Characteristics analysis of intercontinental sea accidents using weighted association rule mining: Evidence from the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea”. Ocean Engineering, 287, 115839. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2023.115839.
CR  - Kaptan, M., Sarıali̇oğlu, S., Uğurlu, Ö., & Wang, J. (2021). “The evolution of the HFACS method used in analysis of marine accidents: A review”. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 86(October). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103225
CR  - Kim, S. R., Wangui, W. J., Camliyurt, G., Kim, D. W., & Park, Y. S. (2023). “Analysis of Pier Contact Accident in Busan New Port of South Korea by System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP)”. TransNav, 17(2), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.02.05
CR  - Oraith, H., Blanco-Davis, E., Yang, Z., & Matellini, B. (2021). “An Evaluation of the Effects of Human Factors on Pilotage Operations Safety”. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 20(3), 393–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-021-00222-1
CR  - Osman, M. T., Yuli, C., Li, T., & Senin, S. F. (2021). “Association rule mining for identification of port state control patterns in Malaysian ports”. Maritime Policy and Management, 48(8), 1082–1095. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1825854
CR  - Øvergård, K. I., Nielsen, A. R., Nazir, S., & Sorensen, L. J. (2015). “Assessing Navigational Teamwork Through the Situational Correctness and Relevance of Communication”. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 2589–2596. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROMFG.2015.07.579
CR  - Sánchez-Beaskoetxea, J., Basterretxea-Iribar, I., Sotés, I., & Machado, M. de las M. M. (2021). “Human error in marine accidents: Is the crew normally to blame?”. Maritime Transport Research, 2, 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARTRA.2021.100016
CR  - Sarıalioğlu, S., Uğurlu, Ö., Aydın, M., Vardar, B., & Wang, J. (2020). “A hybrid model for human-factor analysis of engine-room fires on ships: HFACS-PV&FFTA”. Ocean Engineering, 217, 107992. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2020.107992
CR  - Shappell, S. A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2000). Office of Aviation Medicine The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System – HFACS. https://commons.erau.edu/publication/737
CR  - Shappell, S., Detwiler, C., Holcomb, K., Hackworth, C., Boquet, A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2007). “Human error and commercial aviation accidents: An analysis using the human factors analysis and classification system”. Human Factors, 49(2), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872007X312469
CR  - Tran, T. (2003). “Maritime pilotage acts of the nineteenth century”. Mariners Mirror, 89(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2003.10659272
CR  - Tunçel, A. L., Akyuz, E., & Arslan, O. (2023). “Quantitative risk analysis for operational transfer processes of maritime pilots”. Maritime Policy and Management, 50(3), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.2009133
CR  - Uğurlu, Ö., Erol, S., & Başar, E. (2016). “The analysis of life safety and economic loss in marine accidents occurring in the Turkish Straits”. Maritime Policy and Management, 43(3), 356–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2014.1000992
CR  - Uğurlu, Ö., Yıldız, S., Loughney, S., & Wang, J. (2018). “Modified human factor analysis and classification system for passenger vessel accidents (HFACS-PV)”. Ocean Engineering, 161, 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2018.04.086
CR  - Vidmar, P., Perkovič, M., Gucma, L., & Łazuga, K. (2020). “Risk Assessment of Moored and Passing Ships”. Applied Sciences 2020, Vol. 10, Page 6825, 10(19), 6825. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP10196825
CR  - Wang, H., Liu, Z., Wang, X., Graham, T., & Wang, J. (2021). “An analysis of factors affecting the severity of marine accidents”. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 210, 107513. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESS.2021.107513
CR  - Weng, J., & Guorong, L. (2019). “Exploring Shipping Accident Contributory Factors using Association Rules”. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 11(1), 36–57. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2017.1341440
CR  - Yildirim, U., Uğurlu, Ö., Başar, E., Üniversitesi, K. T., Deniz, S., & Fakültesi, B. (2015). “Karaya Oturma Kazalarında İnsan Hatası: Konteyner Gemileri için Örnek Çalışma”. Journal of ETA Maritime Science, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5505/jems.2015.57966
CR  - Yıldırım, U., & Başar, E. (2019). “Balıkçı Gemilerinde Çatışma Kazalarının İnsan Faktörleri Analiz ve Sınıflandırma Sistemi (HFACS) İle İncelenmesi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2).
CR  - Yıldırım, U., Başar, E., & Uğurlu, Ö. (2019). “Assessment of collisions and grounding accidents with human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) and statistical methods”. Safety Science, 119, 412–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2017.09.022
UR  - https://doi.org/10.56850/jnse.1641797
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4618386
ER  -