@article{article_1660559, title={Multilevel predictors of middle school mathematics anxiety: Roles of students, teachers, and parents}, journal={Turkish Journal of Education}, volume={15}, pages={65–85}, year={2026}, DOI={10.19128/turje.1660559}, url={https://izlik.org/JA59XX89HW}, author={Özer Özkan, Yeşim and Demirdelen, Zekai and Acar Güvendir, Meltem}, keywords={Hierarchical linear modeling, Middle school students, Parental mathematics anxiety, Teacher mathematics anxiety}, abstract={This study investigates how student and teacher characteristics predict students’ mathematics anxiety using a predictive correlational design and multilevel analysis through Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The sample consisted of 413 middle school students, their mathematics teachers (n=12) and the parents of these students (n = 413). Mathematics anxiety was measured using validated anxiety scales administered to students, their mathematics teachers, and parents. The results of the HLM analysis indicated that 94% of the variance in mathematics anxiety was at the student level. At the student level, higher parental mathematics anxiety, fewer social opportunities, and lower self-efficacy were significant predictors of higher student mathematics anxiety. At the teacher level, higher teacher mathematics anxiety, male gender and marital status were associated with increased student mathematics anxiety. These findings highlight the multi-layered nature of mathematics anxiety and emphasize the need for interventions addressing both student and teacher influences.}, number={1}, organization={Gaziantep University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Unit (Grant No. EF.YLT.22.07)}