TY - JOUR T1 - Suriye’deki Rejim Değişikliğinin Çerçevelenmesi: Medya-Dış Politika İlişkisi Bağlamında Sputnik International’a Dair Bir İnceleme TT - The Framing of Regime Change in Syria: An Examination of Sputnik International in the Context of Media-Foreign Policy Relations AU - Duman, Talha İsmail PY - 2025 DA - September Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.56720/mevzu.1667427 JF - Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi JO - Mevzu PB - Ali SEVER WT - DergiPark SN - 2667-8772 SP - 329 EP - 366 IS - 14 LA - tr AB - Bu makale, 8 Eylül 2024 ile 8 Mart 2025 tarihleri arasındaki 121 haber ve görüş yazısını inceleyerek, Sputnik International’ın Suriye’deki rejim de-ğişikliği sürecini aktörler ve olaylar bağlamında nasıl çerçevelediğini ve bu çerçevelerin Rusya’nın dış politikasıyla uyumunu analiz etmektedir. Araş-tırma, çerçeveleme kuramı ile medya-dış politika ilişkisi literatürüne dayan-makta ve nitel içerik analizi yöntemini kullanmaktadır. Bulgular, muhalifle-rin Şam’da kontrolü ele geçirdiği 8 Aralık’tan önceki dönemde, Suriye’deki çatışmaların, Ukrayna ve Batı destekli “terörist” grupların faaliyetleri olarak tanımlandığını, Rusya ve Esad Yönetimi’nin ise istikrar sağlayıcı aktörler olarak sunulduğunu göstermektedir. Baas rejiminin devrilmesinin ardından ise ani bir söylem değişikliği yaşanmış ve temel sorun, muhaliflerin yönetimi ele geçirmesinden ziyade, ABD ve Batılı ülkelerin Suriye’yi istikrarsızlaştır-ma ve Rusya’nın bu ülkedeki etkisini zayıflatma çabası olarak yeniden ta-nımlanmıştır. Rejim değişikliği öncesi söylemlerde de yer bulması bakımın-dan bir sürekliliğe işaret eden dış aktörlerin istikrarsızlaştırma çabaları, 8 Aralık sonrasında daha belirgin olarak vurgulanmıştır. Tüm bunlardan ha-reketle, medya-dış politika ilişkilerinde öne çıkan elit-odaklı yaklaşımla uyumlu olarak, Sputnik’in haber söylemlerinin Rusya’nın dış politikasıyla büyük ölçüde paralellik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. KW - Suriye KW - Rusya KW - Dış Politika KW - Medya KW - Çerçeveleme KW - Sputnik International N2 - This article examines 121 news reports and opinions published between September 8, 2024, and March 8, 2025, to analyze how Sputnik Interna-tional framed the process of regime change in Syria in terms of actors and events, and how these frames align with Russia’s foreign policy. The study is grounded in framing theory and the literature on media-foreign policy relations, employing qualitative content analysis as its methodology. The findings reveal that, prior to December 8, when the opposition forces took control of Damascus, the conflicts in Syria were framed as the activities of “terrorist” groups supported by Ukraine and the West, while Russia and the Assad regime were portrayed as stabilizing actors. After the fall of the Baath regime, however, a sudden shift in discourse occurred, with the central is-sue reframed not as the opposition’s takeover, but as the efforts of the US and Western countries to destabilize Syria and weaken Russia’s influence in the country. Thus, the destabilization efforts of external actors, which point to a continuity in the discourses prior to the regime change, have been em-phasized more prominently after 8 December. In this context, consistent with the elite-driven theory, it is found that Sputnik’s news narratives large-ly mirrored Russia’s foreign policy. CR - Akdoğan, İsmail vd. “Gerçekliğin Yeniden İnşası: Arap-İsrail Normalleşme-sinin Orta Doğu Basınında Çerçevelenmesi”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışma-ları Dergisi 8/1 (30 Haziran 2021), 75-118. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.839533 CR - Al Nahed, Sumaya. “Covering Libya: A Framing Analysis of Al Jazeera and BBC Coverage of the 2011 Libyan Uprising and NATO Intervention”. Middle East Critique 24/3 (03 Temmuz 2015), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2015.1050784 CR - Alitavoli, Rayeheh. “Framing the News on the Syrian War: A Comparative Study of Antiwar.Com and Cnn.Com Editorials”. Media, War & Conflict 13/4 (Aralık 2020), 487-505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219850326 CR - Arif, Zahedur Rahman, Arman, Misbah Uddin. “Media Framing of the Lib-yan Uprising: A Study on the Daily Star and the New York Times”. Stamford Journal of Media, Communication and Culture 3/1 (01 Aralık 2013), 85-95. CR - Baum, Matthew A. - Potter, Philip B. K. “Media, Public Opinion, and Fore-ign Policy in the Age of Social Media”. The Journal of Politics 81/2 (Ni-san 2019), 747-756. https://doi.org/10.1086/702233 CR - Baum, Matthew A. - Potter, Philip B.K. “The Relationships Between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synt-hesis”. Annual Review of Political Science 11/1 (01 Haziran 2008), 39-65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060406.214132 CR - Baum, Matthew A - Zhukov, Yuri M. “Filtering Revolution: Reporting Bias in International Newspaper Coverage of the Libyan Civil War”. Journal of Peace Research 52/3 (Mayıs 2015), 384-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343314554791 CR - Becker, Jonathan. “Lessons from Russia: A Neo-Authoritarian Media Sys-tem”. European Journal of Communication 19/2 (01 Haziran 2004), 139-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323104042908 CR - Bhowmik, Sima - Fisher, Jolene. “Framing the Israel-Palestine Conflict 2021: Investigation of Cnn’s Coverage from a Peace Journalism Perspective”. Media, Culture & Society 45/5 (Temmuz 2023), 1019-1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437231154766 CR - Blinova, Ekaterina. “It’s Too Early to Say the Syria Crisis Is Close to an End – Pundit”. Sputnik International (8 Aralık 2024a). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241208/its-too-early-to-say-the-syria-crisis-is-close-to-an- end--pundit-1121123943.html CR - Blinova, Ekaterina. “Why Are Israel and the US Salivating Over Syria’s Break-Up?” Sputnik International (8 Aralık 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241208/why-are-israel-and-the-us-salivating-over-syrias-break-up- 1121126981.html CR - Burunov, Oleg. “Russia to Roll Out New Warship With 20 Kalibr Cruise Missiles”. Sputnik International (28 Ekim 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241028/russia-to-roll-out-new-warship-with-20-kalibr-cruise-missiles- 1120701423.html CR - Cesario, Khairuni - De Archellie, Reynaldo. “The Framing of Russian Mili-tary Involvement in the Syrian Civil War on Sputnik Media”. Procee-dings of the International University Symposium on Humanities and Arts (INUSHARTS 2019). Depok, Indonesia: Atlantis Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200729.022 CR - De Vreese, Claes H. “News Framing: Theory and Typology”. Information Design Journal 13/1 (18 Nisan 2005), 51- 62. https://doi.org/10.1075/idjdd.13.1.06vre CR - Denk, Erdem. “Medya ve Uluslararası Politika”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 4/13 (01 Mart 2007), 145-156. CR - Duman, Talha İsmail - Yolcu, Furkan Halit. “Two Tales of One War: Un-derstanding the Media Coverage of the Yemeni Civil War in Saudi Arabia and Qatar”. International Journal of Communication 17/0 (29 Ağustos 2023), 5554-5573. CR - Elayah, Moosa - Al Majdhoub, Fatima. “Framing Conflict in the Middle East: Yemen and Syria in European Media”. Europe and the MENA Re-gion. kitap editörü Moosa Elayah, 173-199. Cham: Springer Internatio-nal Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98835-7_6 CR - Emerson, Robert M. vd. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes, Second Edition. Chi-cago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2011. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo12182616.html CR - Entman, Robert M. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Para-digm”. Journal of Communication 43/4 (01 Aralık 1993), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x CR - Escobar, Pepe. “Pepe Escobar: Putin’s Q&A and the Forever Wars Riddle”. Sputnik International (20 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241220/pepe-escobar-putins-qa-and-the-forever-wars-riddle- -1121223428.html CR - Forman, Jane - Damschroder, Laura. “Qualitative Content Analysis”. Ad-vances in Bioethics. 11/39-62. Elsevier, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3709(07)11003-7 CR - Gilboa, Eytan. “The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations”. Political Communication 22/1 (16 Şubat 2005), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590908429 CR - Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press, 1974. CR - Greenwood, Keith - Jenkins, Joy. “Visual Framing of the Syrian Conflict in News and Public Affairs Magazines”. Journalism Studies 16/2 (04 Mart 2015), 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.865969 CR - Hellman, Maria. Security, Disinformation and Harmful Narratives: RT and Sputnik News Coverage about Sweden. Cham: Springer Nature Switzer-land, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58747-4 CR - Herman, Edward S. - Chomsky, Noam. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. London: Vintage, 1994. CR - Johnston, Hank. “Theory, Method, and the Mechanism of Framing: Reflec-tions on the Syrian Civil War and Palestinian Intifada”. Civil Wars 17/2 (03 Nisan 2015), 266-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2015.1070457 CR - Koparan vd. “Rusya’nın Suriye’deki hava üssünde sessizlik hakim”. Anado-lu Ajansı (20 Aralık 2024). https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/rusyanin-suriyedeki-hava-ussunde-sessizlik-hakim/3430212 CR - Kortunov, Andrey. “Russia in the Mediterranean After Assad’s Fall”. Midd-le East Council on Global Affairs (27 Şubat 2025). https://mecouncil.org/publication_chapters/russia-in-the-mediterranean-after-assads-fall/ CR - Livingston, Steven. Clarifying The CNN Effect: An Examination of Media Ef-fects According to Type of Military Intervention. Cambridge, MA. Har-vard University, Haziran 1997. Harvard University, dash.harvard.edu. https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37371065 CR - Melkonian, Sergei. The Syria Fiasco As Seen From Moscow (24 Aralık 2024). https://carnegieendowment.org/middle-east/diwan/2024/12/the-syria-fiasco-as-seen-from-moscow? lang=en CR - Mermin, Jonathan. “Television News and American Intervention in Soma-lia: The Myth of a Media-Driven Foreign Policy”. Political Science Quar-terly 112/3 (01 Eylül 1997), 385-403. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657563 CR - Moeller, Susan D. Compassion Fatigue. Routledge, 0 Basım, 2002. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203900352 CR - Pan, Jennifer vd. “How Government-Controlled Media Shifts Policy Attitu-des through Framing”. Political Science Research and Methods 10/2 (Ni-san 2022), 317-332. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2021.35 CR - Ramsbotham, Oliver - Woodhouse, Tom. Humanitarian Intervention in Con-temporary Conflict: A Reconceptualization. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1. publ., 1996. CR - Robinson, Piers. “The Media and Foreign Policy”. Oxford Research Encyclo-pedia of Politics, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.494 CR - Robinson, Piers. “Theorizing the Influence of Media on World Politics: Mo-dels of Media Influence on Foreign Policy”. European Journal of Commu-nication 16/4 (Aralık 2001), 523-544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323101016004005 CR - Savin, Nikita vd. “Fragility of Strong Media Effects in Authoritarian Envi-ronment (Evidence from Russia)”. European Journal of Communication 33/5 (01 Ekim 2018), 471-488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118775305 CR - Sidło, Katarzyna. “Geopolitical Miscalculations: The Case against Russia’s Presence in Syria | European Union Institute for Security Studies” (14 Mart 2025). https://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/commentary/geopolitical-miscalculations-case-against-russias- presence-syria CR - Stein, Elizabeth A. “The Unraveling of Support for Authoritarianism: The Dynamic Relationship of Media, Elites, and Public Opinion in Brazil, 1972–82”. The International Journal of Press/Politics 18/1 (01 Ocak 2013), 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212460762 CR - Tsukanov, Ilya. “Bryansk Infiltrators Had Enough Firepower to Level Small City: Here’s What Arms They Were Carrying”. Sputnik International (29 Ekim 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241029/bryansk-infiltrators-had- enough-firepower-to-level-small-city-heres-what-arms-they-were-carrying-1120715990.html CR - Tsukanov, Ilya. “Despite Smiles in Syria, Supporting Kurdish Separatism Remains Germany’s Top Priority in Middle East”. Sputnik International (04 Ocak 2025). https://sputnikglobe.com/20250104/despite-smiles-in- syria-supporting-kurdish-separatism-remains-germanys-top-priority-in-middle-east-1121354520.html CR - Tsukanov, Ilya. “Russian Peacekeepers: Keeping the Peace in a Precarious World”. Sputnik International (25 Kasım 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241125/russian-peacekeepers-keeping-the-peace-in-a- precarious-world-1121000365.html CR - Tuncer, Anil Can. “Putin, Suriye lideri Şara ile telefonda görüştü: Temaslar devam edecek”. Euronews (12 Şubat 2025). https://tr.euronews.com/2025/02/12/putin-suriye-lideri-sara-ile-telefonda-gorustu-temaslar- devam-edecek CR - Wang, Jianwei - Wang, Xiaojie. “Media and Chinese Foreign Policy”. The Making of China’s Foreign Policy in the 21st century. Routledge, 2016. CR - Wintour, Patrick. “As Assad’s Power Crumbles, Turkey, Iran and Russia Disagree on Way Forward for Syria”. The Guardian (07 Aralık 2024). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/07/assad-syria-turkey-iran- russia-diplomats-regime CR - Wolfsfeld, Gadi. Media and Political Conflict: News from the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Transferred to digital print., 2004. CR - Yang, Yunkang vd. “Does Russian Propaganda Lead or Follow? Topic Co-verage, User Engagement, and RT and Sputnik’s Agenda Influence on US Media”. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19401612241271074. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612241271074 CR - Zelizer, Barbie (ed.). About to Die: How News Images Move the Public. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. CR - Zhang, Xu - Luther, Catherine A. “Transnational News Media Coverage of Distant Suffering in the Syrian Civil War: An Analysis of Cnn, Al-Jazeera English and Sputnik Online News”. Media, War & Conflict 13/4 (Aralık 2020), 399-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219846029 CR - Sputnik International. “Almost 50,000 People Flee Homes Due to Fighting in Northwest Syria - OCHA” (3 Aralık 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241203/almost-50000-people-flee-homes-due-to-fighting-in- northwest-syria---ocha-1121075953.html CR - Sputnik International. “Assad Issues First Statement Following Evacuation From Syria” (16 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241216/assad-issues-first-statement-following-evacuation-from-syria- 1121190587.html CR - Sputnik International. “Biden Says Syria at Turning Point, But Current Situa-tion Can Be Used for Better Future” (8 Aralık 2024c). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241208/biden-says-syria-at-turning-point-but-current- situation-can-be-used-for-better-future-1121127527.html CR - Sputnik International. “Crisis in Syria: Balance of Forces Between Govern-ment Army, Jihadist Militias, and Regional Powers” (3 Aralık 2024a). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241203/crisis-in-syria-balance-of-forces- between-government-army-jihadist-militias-and-regional-powers-1121080163.html CR - Sputnik International. “Damascus Resident Says People Not in Panic, Majo-rity Not Leaving City” (11 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241211/damascus-resident-says-people-not-in-panic-majority-not- leaving-city-1121148526.html CR - Sputnik International. “First Qatari Plane With Humanitarian Aid Arrives at Damascus Airport” (31 Aralık 2024a), blm. News. https://sputnikglobe.com/20241231/first-qatari-plane-with-humanitarian-aid-arrives-at- damascus-airport---1121313020.html CR - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. “Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s interview with Rossiya Segodnya, December 29, 2024” (29 Aralık 2024). https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1989678/ CR - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. “Foreign Ministry statement - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation” (08 Aralık 2024). https://mid.ru/en/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/1986189/ CR - Sputnik International. “Former Jihadist Shares How Ukraine Supports Islamic Terrorism” (5 Aralık 2024a). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241205/former-jihadist-shares-how-ukraine-supports-islamic-terrorism- 1121094415.html CR - Sputnik International. “Interim Syrian Gov’t Begins Operation to Clear Tartus of Pro-Assad Armed Groups - Reports” (26 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241226/interim-syrian-govt-begins-operation-to- clear-tartus-of-pro-assad-armed-groups---reports-1121275654.html CR - Sputnik International. “Iran Urges Ukraine to Stop Weapon Supplies to Mili-tants in Syria” (06 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241206/iran-urges-ukraine-to-cease-weapon-supply-to-militants-in-syria- 1121107644.html CR - Reuters. “Kremlin Says It Wants Syria to Swiftly Restore Order after Rebel Attack” (29 Kasım 2024), blm. World. https://www.reuters.com/world/kremlin-says-it-wants-syria-swiftly-restore-order-after-rebel-attack-2024-11-29/ CR - Sputnik International. “LIVE UPDATES: Syrian Prime Minister Declares New Era for Country” (8 Aralık 2024a). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241208/syrian-prime-minister-ready-to-cooperate-with-any-government- that-syrians-choose---reports-1121120141.html CR - Sputnik International. “Muhammad Al-Bashir Authorized to Form Interim Government in Syria” (10 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241210/mohamad-bashir-says-authorized-to-form-interim- government-in-syria-1121142306.html CR - Sputnik International. “Photos: Syria Under Attack Facing Terrorist Onsla-ught” (3 Aralık 2024c). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241203/photos-syria-under-attack-facing-terrorist-onslaught-1121077713.html CR - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. “Press release on the Russian inter-agency delegation’s visit to Damascus” (29 Ocak 2025). https://mid.ru/en/maps/sy/1993528/ CR - The Cradle. “Putin Vows to Support Syria’s de Facto Government, Calls for ‘Practical Cooperation’” (20 Mart 2025). https://thecradle.co/articles-id/thecradle.co CR - Enab Baladi. “Russia Accuses the US of Training ‘Terrorists’ in Syria” (09 Ekim 2024). https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/10/russia-accuses-the-us-of-training-terrorists-in-syria/ CR - Sputnik International. “Russia Establishes Contacts With Syria’s HTS Political Committee” (12 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241212/russia-establishes-contacts-with-syrias-hts-political-committee- -1121155693.html CR - Sputnik International. “Russia Ready for Ukraine Talks, But They Must Inc-lude Situation on Ground - Lavrov” (29 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241229/russia-ready-for-ukraine-talks-but-they-must- include-situation-on-ground---lavrov-1121294222.html CR - Reuters. “Russia Says It Wants United and ‘friendly’ Syria” (11 Mart 2025). https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/russia-says-it-wants-united-friendly-syria-2025-03-11/ CR - Reuters. “Russia, US clash at UN over escalation in Syria fighting | Reuters” (03 Aralık 2024). https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-us-clash-un-over-escalation-syria-fighting-2024-12-03/ CR - Belta. “Russian MFA Says Escalation in Syrian Has ‘Ukrainian Fingerp-rints’” (04 Aralık 2024). https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/russian-mfa-says-escalation-in-syrian-has-ukrainian-fingerprints- 163611-2024/ CR - Sputnik International. “Syria Declares Catholic Christmas as Holiday After Christians’ Protests” (24 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241224/syria-declares-catholic-christmas-as-holiday-after-christians- protests-1121260359.html CR - Sputnik International. “Syria, Russia Hit 5 Headquarters, 7 Arms Depots of Terrorists in Aleppo, Idlib” (2 Aralık 2024a). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241202/syria-russia-hit-5-headquarters-7-arms-depots-of-terrorists- in-aleppo-idlib---damascus-1121068916.html CR - Sputnik International. “Syrian Army Eliminates Hundreds of Terrorists in Idlib and Aleppo, Including Foreign Mercenaries” (29 Kasım 2024a). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241129/syrian-army-eliminates-hundreds-of- terrorists-in-idlib-and-aleppo-including-foreign-mercenaries-1121043453.html CR - Sputnik International. “Syrian Army Pushes Back Terrorists, Restores Control in Key Northern Hama Locations” (1 Aralık 2024a). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241201/syrian-army-pushes-back-terrorists-restores-control- in-key-northern-hama-locations-1121058560.html CR - Sputnik International. “Syrian Army Reinforcements Arrive in Hama, Go-vernment Operating as Usual” (1 Aralık 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241201/syrian-army-reinforcements-arrive-in-hama-government- operating-as-usual-1121054784.html CR - Sputnik International. “Syrian Gov’t Makes History, Appoints First Female Acting Central Bank Chief – Reports” (31 Aralık 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241231/syrian-govt-makes-history-appoints-first-female- acting-central-bank-chief--reports-1121313144.html CR - Sputnik International. “Syrian, Russia Forces Attack Terrorist Positions in East of Aleppo Province” (2 Aralık 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241202/syrian-russia-forces-attack-terrorist-positions-in-east-of- aleppo-province-1121068276.html CR - Sputnik International. “Syrian Terrorists and Ukrainian Militants Form ‘Sym-biotic Relationship’” (17 Eylül 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20240917/syrian-terrorists-and-ukrainian-militants-form-symbiotic- relationship-1120181074.html CR - Sputnik International. “Syria’s Assad Arrives in Moscow With His Family – Kremlin Source” (8 Aralık 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241208/syrias-assad-and-his-family-arrive-in-moscow---source- 1121126068.html CR - Sputnik International. “Terrorist Offensive in Aleppo Reeks of US and Israeli Involvement - Expert” (29 Kasım 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241129/terrorist-offensive-in-aleppo-reeks-of-us-and-israeli- involvement---expert-1121043639.html CR - Sputnik International. “Ukrainian Instructors Arrive in Idlib to Train Terro-rists to Make Drones - Syrian Source” (17 Eylül 2024a). https://sputnikglobe.com/20240917/ukrainian-instructors-arrived-in-idlib-to-train- terrorists-to-make-drones---syrian-source-1120173157.html CR - TASS. “Ukrainian intelligence recruits Islamists for terrorism in Russia, ab-road — Lavrov” (12 Eylül 2024). https://tass.com/politics/1842301 CR - Sputnik International. “Ukrainian Specialists Train Syrian Terrorists to Ope-rate Drones” (04 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241204/ukrainian-specialists-train-syrian-terrorists-to-operate-drones- 1121085762.html CR - Sputnik International. “Ukrainian Troops Train Terrorists in UAV Tactics with US Collusion, Diplomat Affirms” (18 Kasım 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241118/kievs-troops-share-uav-skills-with-terrorists-in- coordination-with-us---russian-diplomat-1120915349.html CR - Sputnik International. “US, UK Intelligence Services Preparing Terrorist At-tacks Against Russian Military Bases In Syria” (28 Aralık 2024). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241228/us-uk-intelligence-services-preparing- terrorist-attacks-against-russian-military-bases-in-syria-1121289681.html CR - Sputnik International. “Watch Full Video of Sergey Lavrov’s Interview with American Journalist Tucker Carlson” (5 Aralık 2024b). https://sputnikglobe.com/20241205/watch-full-video-of-sergey-lavrovs-interview-with- american-journalist-tucker-carlson-1121102130.html CR - Россия в глобальной политике. “ООН: вновь быть центром для согласования действий наций” (04 Ekim 2024). https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/oon-vnov-byt-czentrom-lavrov/ CR - RBC. “Спецпредставитель Путина заявил, что Киев вооружает террористов в Идлибе” (14 Kasım 2024). https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/67357ebe9a79477661fb40de UR - https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1667427 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4733851 ER -