TY - JOUR T1 - EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION STUDENT-TEACHERS EXPERIENCING VIRTUAL MATH MAKERSPACES: ORGANIZING PLAYFUL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS AU - Khirwadkar, Anjali AU - Welbourn, Shannon AU - Figg, Candace PY - 2025 DA - September Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.55020/iojpe.1672265 JF - International Online Journal of Primary Education JO - Int. Online J. Prim. Educ. PB - Oğuz SERİN WT - DergiPark SN - 1300-915X SP - 88 EP - 98 VL - 14 IS - 3 LA - en AB - This study investigates the integration of makerspaces in early childhood education. It emphasizes the impact of play-based learning on children’s cognitive development and attitudes towards learning. Quality early childhood learning encourages positive attitudes toward learning and school, fostering strength, confidence, and resilience. The study focuses on implementing makerspaces, defined as environments for creative exploration and cognitive engagement through play. Participants in a Bachelor of Early Childhood Education (BECE) program engaged in a virtual, mathematics-focused makerspace. This study aimed to understand participants’ perceptions of makerspaces as effective learning environments for early learners. Participants were tasked with taking part in making activities like coding, beading, origami, and 3D construction, which connected mathematical concepts to real-world applications. Results indicated that makerspaces support the development of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). Participants also found these environments promoted digital literacy, confidence, creativity, critical thinking, and fine motor skill development. The study further highlighted the role of makerspaces in building learning communities involving children, parents, and teachers, and the significance of incorporating technology in early childhood education. KW - Math makerspace KW - early childhood education KW - TPACK. CR - Alexander, C., & Ignjatovic, D. (2012, November 27). Early Childhood Education has widespread and long lasting benefits. TD Economics Special Report. http://www.td.com/document/PDF/economics/special/di1112_EarlyChildhoodEducation.pdf CR - Calderon, M. (2018). Makerspace in Preschool – It’s not just for big kids! Medium Publishing. https://medium.com/@marissacalderon/makerspace-in-preschool-its-not-just-for-big-kids-67ce0dad016e CR - Click2Science. (2022, March). Making, tinkering & engineering: What’s the difference? https://click2sciencepd.org/resource/making-tinkering-engineering-whats-the-difference/ CR - Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publishing. CR - Daniels, H. (2016). Vygotsky and pedagogy. London, England: Routledge. CR - Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Collier Macmillan. CR - Donnelly, D., McGarr, O., & O’Reilly, J. (2011). A framework for teachers’ integration of ICT into their classroom practice. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1469-1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.02.014 CR - Erlandson, D. A., Harris, E. L., Skipper, B. L., & Allen, S. D. (1994). Doing naturalistic inquiry: A guide to methods. SAGE Publishing. CR - Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., & Tondeur, J. (2014). Teachers’ beliefs and uses of technology to support 21st-century teaching and learning. International Handbook of Research on Teacher Beliefs. Routledge. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-5815883 CR - Figg, C., & Jaipal, K. (2009). Unpacking TPACK: TPK characteristics supporting successful implementation. In I. Gibson et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE) (pp. 4069–4073). Chesapeake, VA: Association for Advancement. CR - Figg, C., & Jaipal, K. (2012). TPACK-in-Practice: Developing 21st century teacher knowledge. In P. Resta (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2012 (pp. 4683 4689). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. CR - Figg, C., Khirwadkar, A., & Welbourn, S. (2020). Making ‘math making’ virtual. Brock Education Journal, 29(2), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.26522/brocked.v29i2.836 CR - Friederichs, E. (2016). Makerspaces expanding across campus, starting in the fall. Daily Tarheel. https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/%202016/04/makerspaces-expandingacross-campus-starting-in-the-fall CR - Good2Know Network. (2021, June 17). What is tinkering? And how can it be used to encourage deeper learning? https://www.good2knownetwork.org/g2k-info-hub/2021/6/17/what-is-tinkering-and-how-can-it-be-used-to-encourage-deeper- learning#:~:text=Defining%20Tinkering&text=But%2C%20generally%20speaking%2C% 20tinkering%20refers,the%20physical%20properties%20of%20materials CR - GGI Insights. (2024, August). Early childhood education research: Exploring the latest insights. https://www.graygroupintl.com/blog/early-childhood-education-research CR - Grieve, J. (2012). Transforming early learning vision into action in Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 6(2), 44-54 CR - Halverson, E., & Sheridan, K. (2014). The maker movement in education. Harvard Educational Review, 84(4), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.84.4.34j1g68140382063 CR - Harris, J., Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. (2009). Teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge and learning activity types: Curriculum-based technology integration refrained. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 41(4), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2009.10782536 CR - Kafai, Y. B., & Proctor, C. (2022). A revaluation of computational thinking in K-12 education: Moving toward computational literacies. Educational Researcher. 51(2), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211057904 CR - Kay, L., & Buxton, A. (2024). Makerspaces and the Characteristics of Effective Learning in the early years. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 22(3), 343-358. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X231210633 CR - Khirwadkar, A., & Figg, C. (2019). Makerspaces for developing TPACK: A self-directed creative exploration for learning mathematics. In K. Graziano (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 2463–2468). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/207996/ CR - Komanski, C., & Black, H. (2016). A building community: Halls give students a space to show off their creative side. Talking Stick: The Authoritative Source for Campus Housing, 33(5), 24-26. CR - Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publishing. CR - Lister, H. (2019, September 25). How makerspaces support social and emotional learning. Ideas & Inspiration from Demco. https://ideas.demco.com/blog/makerspaces-support-social-and-emotional-learning/ CR - Litts, B. K. (2015). Making learning: Makerspaces as learning environments (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Wisconsin-Madison. Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Retrieved from https://proxy.library.brocku.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/making-learning-makerspaces-as-environments/docview/1651611969/se-2 CR - Loertscher, D. V. (2015). The virtual makerspace: A new possibility? Teacher Librarian, 43(1), 50-67. Retrieved from https://proxy.library.brocku.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/magazines/virtual-makerspace-new-possibility/docview/1721911282/se-2 CR - Marsh, J., Wood, E., Chesworth, L., Nisha, B., Nutbrown, B., & Olney, B. (2019). Makerspaces in early childhood education: Principles of pedagogy and practice. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 26(3), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749039.2019.1655651 CR - Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x CR - Niess M. L. (2005). Preparing teachers to teach science and mathematics with technology: Developing a technology pedagogical content knowledge. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(5), 509–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.03.006 CR - Ontario Ministry of Education (2020). The Ontario Curriculum Grades 1-8 Mathematics. King’s Printer for Ontario. CR - Ontario Ministry of Education (2017). Ontario’s renewed early years and childcare policy framework. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. CR - Piaget, J. (1963). The attainment of invariants and reversible operations in the development of thinking. Social Research, 30(3), 283–299. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40969680 CR - Reed, N., Metzger, Y., Kolbe, M., Zobel, S., & Boos, M. (2018). Unitizing verbal interaction data for coding: Rules and reliability. In E. Brauner, M. Boos & M. Kolbe (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Group Interaction Analysis (pp. 208–226). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316286302.012 CR - Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Ou, S., Arteaga, I.A., & and White, B.A.B. (2011). School-based Early Childhood Education and age-28 well-being: Effects by timing, dosage, and subgroups, Science 333(6040), 360–64. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1203618 CR - Saldana, J., & Omasta, M. (2021). Qualitative research: Analyzing life (2nd ed.). SAGE Publishing. CR - Shively, K. L. (2017). Reflections from the field: Creating an elementary living learning makerspace. Learning Communities Research and Practice, 5(1), 1–14. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1150377.pdf CR - Strawhacker, A., & Bers, M. U. (2019). What they learn when they learn coding: Investigating cognitive domains and computer programming knowledge in young children. Educational technology research and development, 67(3), 541 575. CR - Turakhia, D., Ludgin, D., Mueller, S. & Desportes, K. (2024). Understanding the educators’ practices in makerspaces for the design of education tools. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72(1), 329-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10305-1 CR - Vygotsky, L. S. (1981). The genesis of higher mental functions. In Wertsch, J. V. (Ed. & Trans.), The concept of activity in Soviet psychology (pp. 144–188). CR - Wood, E. (2013). Play, learning and the early childhood curriculum. London, UK: Sage. UR - https://doi.org/10.55020/iojpe.1672265 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4755815 ER -