TY - JOUR T1 - From Existential Concerns to Stress-Related Growth: The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion AU - Yazıcı-kabadayı, Sema PY - 2025 DA - October Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.37898/spiritualpc.1697052 JF - Spiritual Psychology and Counseling PB - Halil EKŞİ WT - DergiPark SN - 2458-9675 SP - 421 EP - 442 VL - 10 IS - 3 LA - en AB - Young adulthood is a critical developmental stage during which individuals often grapple with existential concerns (ECs), such as meaning, purpose, and mortality. These concerns may prevent psychological adjustment if left unexplored, but resources such as self-compassion (SC) can encourage adaptive growth. This study explores how ECs effect stress-related growth (SRG) via the mediating role of SC. The study group comprised 331 young adults aged 18 to 37 (Mage = 21.05, SD = 1.78). Of these, 271 (81.87%) were female and 60 (18.13%) were male. Data were collected using the Existential Concerns Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form, and the Stress-Related Growth Scale. After verifying the assumptions of normality, descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations, and Hayes' Model 4 mediation analyses were conducted using the JASP software package. The results showed that ECs were negatively associated with SC, while SC was positively linked to SRG. ECs did not directly affect SRG. However, they indirectly reduced SRG through decreased SC. Interestingly, the indirect (negative) and direct (positive) effects moved in opposite directions, indicating the opposing mediation effect. This pattern suggests that SC plays a pivotal role in buffering the adverse effects of ECs, thereby fostering SRG in young adults. KW - existential concerns KW - self-compassion KW - stress-related growth KW - young adulthood CR - Adonis, M., Loucaides, M., Sullman, M. J., & Lajunen, T. (2025). The protective role of self compassion in trauma recovery and its moderating impact on post traumatic symptoms and post traumatic growth. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 8145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91819-x CR - Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self‐compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x CR - Alshehri, H., Alturkestani, R., Hijan, B., Almalki, S., Alobaidi, R., Almufti, S., Baduwailan, A. O., Butt, N. S., Alghamdi, W. A., Al Zaben, F., Koenig, H. G., Tayeb, H. O., & Abdulghaffar, H. K. (2024). The prevalence of existential anxiety and its association with depression, general anxiety, and stress in Saudi university students. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 31(1), Article 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-024-00435-4 CR - Arredondo, A. Y., & Caparrós, B. (2023). Associations between existential concerns and adverse experiences: A systematic review. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 63(5), 682–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167819846284 CR - Aslam, N. (2012). “What doesn’t kill me makes me stronger”: Are the adverse life events the prerequisite for maturation and growth? Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 24(2), 1–2. https://www.jamc.ayubmed.edu.pk/index.php/jamc/article/view/2176 CR - Barr, P. (2011). Posttraumatic growth in parents of infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519265 CR - Basharpoor, S., Mowlaie, M., & Sarafrazi, L. (2021). The relationships of distress tolerance, self-compassion to posttraumatic growth, the mediating role of cognitive fusion. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2019.1711279 CR - Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., & Stickle, T. R. (2006). Existential anxiety in adolescents: Prevalence, structure, association with psychological symptoms and identity development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9032-y CR - Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1298–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2 CR - Bray, P. (2010). A broader framework for exploring the influence of spiritual experience in the wake of stressful life events: Examining connections between posttraumatic growth and psycho-spiritual transformation. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13(3), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903367199 CR - Chan, B. S. M., Deng, J., Li, Y., Li, T., Shen, Y., Wang, Y., & Yi, L. (2020). The role of self-compassion in the relationship between post-traumatic growth and psychological distress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(6), 1692–1700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01694-0 CR - Chi, L., Huang, M., Liu, F., Huang, Y., Hu, J., Chen, J., Jiao, C., Stubbs, B., Hossain, M. M., & Zou, Y. (2021). Self-compassion and resilience mediate the relationship between childhood exposure to domestic violence and posttraumatic growth/stress disorder during COVID-19 pandemic. World Journal of Psychiatry, 11(11), 1106–1115. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i11.1106 CR - Cho, D., & Park, C. L. (2013). Growth following trauma: Overview and current status. Terapia Psicológica, 31(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082013000100007 CR - Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. CR - Crego, A., Yela, J. R., Riesco-Matías, P., Gómez-Martínez, M. Á., & Vicente-Arruebarrena, A. (2022). The benefits of self-compassion in mental health professionals: A systematic review of empirical research. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 2599–2620. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S359382 CR - de Souza, L. K., Policarpo, D., & Hutz, C. S. (2020). Self-compassion and symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. Trends in Psychology, 28(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-020-00018-2 CR - Dolbier, C. L., Jaggars, S. S., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2010). Stress-related growth: Preintervention correlates and change following a resilience intervention. Stress and Health, 26(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1275 CR - Egan, S. J., Rees, C. S., Delalande, J., Greene, D., Fitzallen, G., Brown, S., Webb, M., & Finlay-Jones, A. (2022). A review of self-compassion as an active ingredient in the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression in young people. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 49, 385–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-021-01170-2 CR - Evram, G., & Çakici Eş, A. (2020). Investigation of personal factors affecting existential anxiety: A model testing study. Current Psychology, 39(5), 1535–1542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00947-2 CR - Ewert, C., Vater, A., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2021). Self-compassion and coping: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 12, 1063–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01563-8 CR - Farooq, H., Ahmed, V., Siddique, M., & Shoaib, S. (2021). Impact of self-compassion on existential anxiety in young adults of Pakistan. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 79(1), 53–65. http://asrjetsjournal.org CR - Fong, M., & Loi, N. M. (2016). The mediating role of self‐compassion in student psychological health. Australian Psychologist, 51(6), 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12185 CR - Galanaki, E. P., Nelson, L. J., & Antoniou, F. (2023). Social withdrawal, solitude, and existential concerns in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 11(4), 1006–1021. https://doi.org/10.1177_21676968231170247 CR - Gawda, B. (2022). Basic hope and existential anxiety among adulthood generations. Psychological Prospects Journal, 39, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.29038/2227-1376-2022-39-gaw CR - Gençtan, E. (2017). Psikanaliz ve sonrası [Psychoanalysis and beyond] (16. bs.). İstanbul, Turkey: Metis Yayınları. CR - Germer, C. K., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self‐compassion in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 856–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22021 CR - Ghonchehpour, A., Nasab, F. R. S., Maghsoudi, F., & Mehdipour‐Rabori, R. (2025). Existential anxiety of nurses in the COVID‐19 virus units and its relation with resilience and posttraumatic growth. Health Science Reports, 8(3), e70547. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70547 CR - Han, A., & Kim, T. H. (2023). Effects of self-compassion interventions on reducing depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 14(7), 1553–1581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02148-x CR - Hashmi, S. S., Syed, A., & Zafar, T. (2024). Meaning of life with existential crisis among Muslim young adults. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 8(4), 182–196. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2024(8-IV)14 CR - Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. CR - Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). CR - Joseph, S. (2015). A person-centered perspective on working with people who have experienced psychological trauma and helping them move forward to posttraumatic growth. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 14(3), 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2015.1043392 CR - Kesimci, A., Göral, F. S., & Gençöz, T. (2005). Determinants of stress-related growth: Gender, stressfulness of the event, and coping strategies. Current Psychology, 24(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-005-1005-x CR - Koole, S. L., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Introducing science to the psychology of the soul: Experimental existential psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 212–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00438.x CR - Kretschmer, M., & Storm, L. (2018). The relationships of the five existential concerns with depression and existential thinking. International Journal of Existential Psychology & Psychotherapy, 7(1), 1–20. https://www.meaning.ca/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/216-13-513-4-10-20180704.pdf CR - Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e CR - Liu, A., Wang, W., & Wu, X. (2023). The mediating role of rumination in the relation between self-compassion, posttraumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Current Psychology, 42, 3846–3859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01643-5 CR - Lundvall, M., Hörberg, U., Palmér, L., Carlsson, G., & Lindberg, E. (2020). Young men’s experiences of living with existential concerns: “Living close to a bottomless darkness.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 15(1), Article 1810947. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.1810947 CR - Lundvall, M., Lindberg, E., Hörberg, U., Palmér, L., & Carlsson, G. (2019). Healthcare professionals’ experiences of conversations with young adults expressing existential concerns. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 33(1), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12612 CR - MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542 CR - MacMillan, S. (2019). Existential anxiety and student well-being. EDULEARN19 Proceedings: 11th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (Palma, Spain, 1–3 July, 2019) (pp. 188–194). IATED Academy. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2019.0077 CR - Mansfield, C. D., & Diamond, L. M. (2017). Does stress-related growth really matter for adolescents’ day-to-day adaptive functioning? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(5), 677–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615620665 CR - Mansfield, C. D., Pasupathi, M., & McLean, K. C. (2015). Is narrating growth in stories of personal transgressions associated with increased well-being, self-compassion, and forgiveness of others? Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.05.008 CR - May, R. (2018). Varoluşun keşfi [The discovery of being] (A. Babacan, Çev.; 5. bs.). Okuyan Us. CR - May, R., & Yalom, I. (2005). Existential psychotherapy. In R. J. Corsini & D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies (7th ed., instr. ed., pp. 269–298). Boston: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. CR - Mazor, Y., Gelkopf, M., & Roe, D. (2018). Posttraumatic growth among people with serious mental illness, psychosis and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 81, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.009 CR - Menzies, R. E., Sharpe, L., Favaloro, B., & Kearney, J. (2025). The role of existential concerns in borderline personality disorder and their responsiveness to dialectical behaviour therapy. Clinical Psychologist, 29(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284207.2024.2432652 CR - Moore, L. J., & Goldner-Vukov, M. (2009). The existential way to recovery. Psychiatria Danubina, 21(4), 453–462. https://hrcak.srce.hr/49571 CR - Neff, K. D. (2011). Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x CR - Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047 CR - Özdemir, M., Eruyar, Ş., Yazıcı, H., & Tan, Y. W. (2022). The contribution of self-compassion in the relationship between social support and posttraumatic growth. European Review of Applied Psychology, 72(3), 100747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2021.100747 CR - Özönder Ünal, I., Ünal, C., Duymaz, T., & Ordu, C. (2023). The relationship between psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and posttraumatic growth in cancer patients in the COVID-19 pandemic. Supportive Care in Cancer, 31(7), Article 428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-07891-4 CR - Park, C. L. (1998). Stress‐related growth and thriving through coping: The roles of personality and cognitive processes. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01218.x CR - Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1(2), 115–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115 CR - Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress‐related growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00815.x CR - Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self‐Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702 CR - Sarıçalı, M., & Çarkıt, E. (2025). Hopelessness, presence of meaning in life, and existential concern: A latent profile analysis. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 17(Supplement 1), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1679314 CR - Scott, B. G., & Weems, C. F. (2013). Natural disasters and existential concerns. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 53(1), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167812449190 CR - Scott, H. M., Coombes, L., Braybrook, D., Roach, A., Harðardóttir, D., Bristowe, K., Ellis-Smith, C., Downing, J., Murtagh, F. E., Farsides, B., Fraser, L. K., Bluebond-Langner, M., & Harding, R. (2023). Spiritual, religious, and existential concerns of children and young people with life-limiting and life-threatening conditions: A qualitative interview study. Palliative Medicine, 37(6), 856–865. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163231165101 CR - Sharf, R. S. (2011). Theories of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. CR - Shaygan, M., Khaki, S., Zarei, D., Moshfeghinia, R., Beheshtaeen, F., & Sadeghi, Y. (2024). Effects of meaning-based psychotherapy on post-traumatic growth and death anxiety in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Supportive Care in Cancer, 32(4), Article 251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-024-08448-9 CR - Sim, W. H., & Frydenberg, E. (2011). Beyond coping: Stress-related growth among siblings of children with special needs. Children Australia, 36(3), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1375/jcas.36.3.153 CR - Smirnov, E., & Makarova, M. (2025). Existential concerns arising from a threat to the belief in a just world: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678251322250 CR - Solcova, I., & Tavel, P. (2017). Stress-related growth in two challenging conditions. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 13(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1099 CR - Stoeber, J., Lalova, A. V., & Lumley, E. J. (2020). Perfectionism, (self-)compassion, and subjective well-being: A mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109708 CR - Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson. CR - Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01 CR - Tekcan, E. E. (2018). Yetişkinlerde travma sonrası stres belirtileri ile travma sonrası büyüme arasındaki ilişkide öz-şefkatin düzenleyici rolü [The moderator role of self-compassion in the relation between post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth in adults] (Master’s thesis, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ CR - Tomaszek, K., & Muchacka-Cymerman, A. (2020). Thinking about my existence during COVID-19, I feel anxiety and awe: The mediating role of existential anxiety and life satisfaction on the relationship between PTSD symptoms and post-traumatic growth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197062 CR - Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism‐collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907–924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169 CR - Umandap, J. D., & Teh, L. A. (2020). Self-compassion as a mediator between perfectionism and personal growth initiative. Psychological Studies, 65(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-020-00566-8 CR - Ümmet, D., Ekşi, H., Özkapu, Y., & Ekşi, F. (2018). The Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ): A study of validity and reliability. In R. Yılmaz, M. A. İçbay, & H. Arslan (Eds.), Research and development on social sciences (pp. 423–429). International Association of Social Science Research Press. CR - van Bruggen, V., ten Klooster, P., Westerhof, G., Vos, J., de Kleine, E., Bohlmeijer, E., & Glas, G. (2017). The Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ): Development and initial validation of a new existential anxiety scale in a nonclinical and clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22474 CR - Wang, K., Rendina, H. J., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016). Looking on the bright side of stigma: How stress-related growth facilitates adaptive coping among gay and bisexual men. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(4), 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2016.1175396 CR - Wong, C. C. Y., & Yeung, N. C. (2017). Self-compassion and posttraumatic growth: Cognitive processes as mediators. Mindfulness, 8, 1078–1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0683-4 CR - Wu, X., Kaminga, A. C., Dai, W., Deng, J., Wang, Z., Pan, X., & Liu, A. (2019). The prevalence of moderate-to-high posttraumatic growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.023 CR - Yalom, I. D., & Josselson, R. (2018). Existential psychotherapy. In R. J. Corsini & D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies (11th ed., pp. 273–307). Cengage. CR - Yalom, I. D. (2024). Existential therapy. In N. L. Murdock (Ed.), Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A case approach (pp. 187–212). Pearson Education. CR - Yazıcı-Kabadayı, S., & Öztemel, K. (2022). The Turkish adaptation of the Stress-Related Growth Scale Short Form: A validity and reliability study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(64), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1095997 CR - Yıldırım, M., & Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the short form of Self-compassion Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2502–2517. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-452171 CR - Yuhan, J., Wang, D. C., Canada, A., & Schwartz, J. (2021). Growth after trauma: The role of self-compassion following Hurricane Harvey. Trauma Care, 1(2), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1020011 CR - Zeller, M., Yuval, K., Nitzan-Assayag, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2015). Self-compassion in recovery following potentially traumatic stress: Longitudinal study of at-risk youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(4), 645–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9937-y UR - https://doi.org/10.37898/spiritualpc.1697052 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4859902 ER -