TY  - JOUR
T1  - Psychological Factors in Chronic Sore Throat
TT  - Kronik Boğaz Ağrısında Psikolojik Faktörler
AU  - Yalınkılıç, Abdulaziz
AU  - Erdem, Mehmet Zeki
AU  - Aydın, Mehmet
AU  - Ağırbaş, Semra
AU  - Işık, Mesut
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.26453/otjhs.1717729
JF  - Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences
JO  - OTSBD
PB  - Oğuz KARABAY
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2459-1467
SP  - 288
EP  - 295
VL  - 10
IS  - 3
LA  - en
AB  - Objective: Chronic sore throat is one of the common causes of presentation to otolaryngology outpatient clinics. Although non-infectious causes are usually blamed, it is thought to be related to many etiologic factors. In this study, psychological factors associated with chronic sore throats, especially anxiety, depression, somatosensory amplification, and somatization, were examined.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted with 77 participants, including 41 patients with chronic sore throat and 36 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data and psychological assessments using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), Somatization Scale, and Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SAS) were collected. Results:No significant differences were found between groups in terms of age, gender, smoking habits, psychiatric history, or ongoing psychiatric treatment. Somatization Scale and SAS scores were significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.001 and p=0.005). No significant differences were found in HAD-A and HAD-D scores between the patient and control groups. However, a significant positive correlation was observed between HAD-A and SAS scores.Conclusions: Psychological factors, particularly somatosensory amplification, may contribute to the persistence of chronic sore throat. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating psychological assessments in the management of such cases to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes.
KW  - Anxiety
KW  - chronic sore throat
KW  - depression
KW  - somatization
KW  - somatosensory amplification
N2  - Amaç: Kronik boğaz ağrısı, kulak burun boğaz polikliniklerine başvuruların yaygın nedenlerinden biridir. Genellikle enfeksiyöz olmayan nedenler suçlansa da, birçok etiyolojik faktörle ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kronik boğaz ağrısıyla ilişkili psikolojik faktörler, özellikle anksiyete, depresyon, somatosensoriyel amplifikasyon ve somatizasyon incelenmiştir.Materyal ve Metot: Çalışma, kronik boğaz ağrısı olan 41 hasta ve 36 sağlıklı kontrol olmak üzere 77 katılımcıyla yürütülmüştür. Sosyodemografik veriler ve Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği (HAD), Somatizasyon Ölçeği ve Somatosensoriyel Amplifikasyon Ölçeği (SAS) kullanılarak psikolojik değerlendirmeler toplandı.Bulgular: Gruplar arasında yaş, cinsiyet, sigara içme alışkanlıkları, psikiyatrik öykü veya devam eden psikiyatrik tedavi açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Somatizasyon ölçeği ve SAS puanları hasta grubunda anlamlı şekilde daha yüksekti (p=0,001 ve p=0,005). Hasta ve kontrol grupları arasında HAD-A ve HAD-D skorlarında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Ancak HAD-A ve SAS skorları arasında anlamlı pozitif korelasyon gözlenmiştir.Sonuç: Psikolojik faktörler, özellikle somatosensoriyel amplifikasyon, kronik boğaz ağrısının devam etmesine katkıda bulunabilir. Bu bulgular, tanı doğruluğunu ve tedavi sonuçlarını iyileştirmek için bu tür vakaların yönetiminde psikolojik değerlendirmelerin dahil edilmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.
CR  - Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A. Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat). Inflamm Res. 2012;61(10):1041-1052. doi:10.1007/s00011-012-0540-9
CR  - Kundu S, Dutta M, Adhikary BK, Ghosh B. Encountering Chronic Sore Throat: How Challenging is it for the Otolaryngologists?. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 1):176-181. doi:10.1007/s12070-017-1191-5
CR  - Huang F, Liao Q, Gan X, Wen W. Correlation Between Refractory Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:925-932. doi:10.2147/NDT.S349933
CR  - Lin YH, Chen CY, Hong WH, Lin YC. Perceived job stress and health complaints at a bank call center: comparison between inbound and outbound services. Ind Health. 2010;48(3):349-356. doi:10.2486/indhealth.48.349
CR  - Zha Z, Gao S, Liu S, Hu G. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anxiety Among Adult Patients with Chronic Pharyngitis in Wuhu, China. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;19:1313-1319. doi:10.2147/NDT.S415938
CR  - Khadilkar MN, K KP, Rai T, Shenoy V, Dosemane D. Depression in patients with chronic otolaryngology symptoms - A vicious cycle. Head Face Med. 2024;20(1):68. doi:10.1186/s13005-024-00464-8
CR  - Kara N, Yao AC, Newton J, Deary V, O'Hara J, Wilson JA. General illness and psychological factors in patients with chronic nasal symptoms. Clin Otolaryngol. 2018;43(2):609-616. doi:10.1111/coa.13032
CR  - Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361-370. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
CR  - Aydemir Ö, Güvenir T, Küey L, Kültür S. Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Turk Psikiyatri Derg.1997; 8:280-7
CR  - Mckınley, J. Charnley; Hathaway, Starke R. The identification and measurement of the psychoneuroses in medical practice: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1943; 122.3: 161-167.
CR  - Dülgerler, Ş. İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmenlerinde Somatizasyon Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Ege University Health Sciences Institute, School of Nursing (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Ege University; 2000.
CR  - Barsky AJ, Goodson JD, Lane RS, Cleary PD. The amplification of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 1988;50(5):510-519. doi:10.1097/00006842-198809000-00007
CR  - Güleç H, Sayar K. Reliability and validity of the Turkish form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(1):25-30. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01606.x
CR  - Fung K, MacDonald AJ. Chronic Sore Throat. Functional Illness of the Head and Neck. 2023; 91-100. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12998-8_11
CR  - Löwe B, Toussaint A, Rosmalen JGM, et al. Persistent physical symptoms: definition, genesis, and management. Lancet. 2024;403(10444):2649-2662. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00623-8
CR  - Meade E, Garvey M. The Role of Neuro-Immune Interaction in Chronic Pain Conditions; Functional Somatic Syndrome, Neurogenic Inflammation, and Peripheral Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8574. doi:10.3390/ijms23158574
CR  - Amaro-Díaz L, Montoro CI, Fischer-Jbali LR, Galvez-Sánchez CM. Chronic Pain and Emotional Stroop: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(12):3259. doi:10.3390/jcm11123259
CR  - Schnabel K, Petzke TM, Witthöft M. The emotion regulation process in somatic symptom disorders and related conditions - A systematic narrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;97:102196. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102196
CR  - Ashar YK, Gordon A, Schubiner H, et al. Effect of Pain Reprocessing Therapy vs Placebo and Usual Care for Patients With Chronic Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(1):13-23. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2669
CR  - Neurolaunch. Throat anxiety: The connection between stres and throat pain. https://neurolaunch.com/throat-anxiety-symptoms/. Accessed Augst 18, 2024.
CR  - Alotiby A. Immunology of Stress: A Review Article. J Clin Med. 2024;13(21):6394. doi:10.3390/jcm13216394
CR  - Eyigör H, Arihan G, Ergin F, Barlik Y. Psychiatric disorder profile in patients with chronic pharyngitis. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg. 2006;16(4):178-182.
CR  - Tian P, Ma Y, Hu J, et al. Clinical and psychobehavioral features of outpatients with somatic symptom disorder in otorhinolaryngology clinics. J Psychosom Res. 2021;148:110550. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110550
CR  - Wei D, Liu Y, Zhuang K, et al. Brain Structures Associated With Individual Differences in Somatic Symptoms and Emotional Distress in a Healthy Sample. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:492990. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.492990
CR  - Hacimusalar Y, Talih T, Karaaslan O. How Do Health Anxiety, Somatosensory Amplification, and Depression Levels Relate to Non-cyclical Mastalgia? A Case–Control Study. Indian Journal of Surgery.  2020; 82.(4): 578-584. doi: 10.1007/s12262-019-02014-y
CR  - Özsoy F, Okan S. Somatosensory Amplification, Health Anxiety and Pain Catastrophizing in Individuals with Chronic Musculoskeletal System Pain. Journal of Clinical Practice and Research. 2021;43.(3): 237-243. doi: 10.14744/etd.2020.32956
CR  - Ciaramella A, Silvestri S, Pozzolini V, Federici M, Carli G. A retrospective observational study comparing somatosensory amplification in fibromyalgia, chronic pain, psychiatric disorders and healthy subjects. Scand J Pain. 2020;21(2):317-329. doi:10.1515/sjpain-2020-0103
CR  - Barends H, Claassen-van Dessel N, van der Wouden JC, et al. Impact of symptom focusing and somatosensory amplification on persistent physical symptoms: A three-year follow-up study. J Psychosom Res. 2020;135:110131. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110131
CR  - Mewes R. Recent developments on psychological factors in medically unexplained symptoms and somatoform disorders. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1033203. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1033203
CR  - Külekçi S, Ertugay ÇK, Toros SZ. The Effects of Empiric Antireflux Treatment on Laryngopharyngeal and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tıp Bul. 2020;54(1):29-35. doi:10.14744/SEMB.2018.55632
UR  - https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1717729
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4950616
ER  -