TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Effects of TRX-Based Functional Training on Sprint, Agility, and Balance in Youth Football Players: A Controlled Experimental Study
TT  - TRX Temelli Fonksiyonel Antrenmanın Genç Futbolcuların Sprint, Çeviklik ve Dengesi Üzerindeki Etkileri: Kontrollü Deneysel Çalışma
AU  - Atıcı, Müjde
AU  - Bayrakdar, Akan
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.56639/jsar.1735638
JF  - Journal of Sport for All and Recreation
JO  - JSAR
PB  - Akan BAYRAKDAR
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2687-6027
SP  - 578
EP  - 587
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
LA  - en
AB  - Abstract: This study aims to investigate the effects of an 8-week TRX-based functional training program on sprinting, agility, and dynamic balance in young soccer players aged 12–15 years. The mean age of the participants was 14,0±0,83 years in the experimental group and 14,9±0,93 years in the control group. The average heights were 1,62±0,07 m and 1,65±0,07 m, respectively, and the average weights were 48,3±7,9 kg and 54,6±14,0 kg, respectively. The Arrowhead agility test, 20-meter sprint test, and balance measurements were performed. The experimental data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS statistical program (version 25.0, Chicago, IL, USA). In the agility test, a significant decrease of 0,10 seconds (1,08%) (p0,05). In the 20-meter sprint test, a significant decrease of 0,12 seconds (2,74%) (p0,05). In the group comparison, significant differences were found in the Arrowhead test (p
KW  - trx
KW  - Functional training
KW  - 
KW  - Agility
KW  - Sprint
KW  - Balance
KW  - football
CR  - Abdul-wahhab, R. M., & Salih, I. F. (2023). The impact of (TRX) exercises on developing certain physical abilities for performing various attacks in the foil fencing sport for female players under 20 years’ old. Modern Sport, 22(3), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.54702/ms.v22i3.1133
CR  - Arazi, H., Malakoutinia, F., & Izadi, M. (2018). The effects of eight weeks of TRX versus traditional resistance training on physical fitness factors and limb circumference in underweight non-athletic women. Physical Activity Review, 6, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.16926/PAR.2018.06.10
CR  - Bagherian, S., Ghasempoor, K., Rahnama, N., & Wikstrom, E. A. (2019). The effect of core stability training on functional movement patterns in college athletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 28(5), 444–449. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0293
CR  - Bayrakdar, A., & Atıcı, M. (2025). Effects of plyometric and agility-based training on physical performance in adolescent male volleyball players: a controlled experimental study. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 29(4), 297–307. Retrieved from https://sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/ppcs/article/view/3212
CR  - Beckham, S. G., & Harper, M. (2010). Functional training: fad or here to stay? ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 14(6), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0b013e3181f8b3b7
CR  - Bodden, J. G., Needham, R. A., & Chockalingam, N. (2015). The effect of an intervention program on functional movement screen test scores in mixed martial arts athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(1), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000618
CR  - Boyle, M. (2016). New functional training for sports. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
CR  - Brown, L. E., & Ferrigno, V. A. (2005). Training for speed, agility, and quickness. Human Kinetics.
Cardoso Marques, M. A., González-Badillo, J. J., & Kluka, D. A. (2006). In-Season Resistance Training for Professional Male Volleyball Players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 28(6), 16.
CR  - Chang, W. D., Chou, L. W., Chang, N. J., & Chen, S. (2020). Comparison of functional movement screen, star excursion balance test, and physical fitness in junior athletes with different sports injury risk. BioMed research international, 2020(1), 8690540. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8690540
CR  - Cook, G. (2010). Movement: Functional movement systems: Screening, assessment, corrective strategies (1st ed., pp. 73–106). Aptos, CA: On Target Publications.
CR  - Cooke, E. V., Tallis, R. C., Clark, A., & Pomeroy, V. M. (2010). Efficacy of functional strength training on restoration of lower-limb motor function early after stroke: Phase I randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 24(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968309338199
CR  - Cosio-Lima, L. M., Reynolds, K. L., Winter, C., Paolone, V., & Jones, M. T. (2003). Effects of physioball and traditional floor exercises on early phase adaptations in back and abdominal core stability and balance in women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(4), 721–725. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017 <0721:EOPACF>2.0.CO;2
CR  - Distefano L. J, Distefano, M. J, Frank, B. S, Clark, M. A. & Padua, D. A. (2013). Comparison of integrated and isolated training on performance measures and neuromuscular control. Journal of Strength Cond Res. 27(4), 1083-1090. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318280d40b
CR  - Erol, S. (2023). The Effect of Low and High Intensity TRX Training on Balance and Vertical Jump Performance of Footballers. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1238192
CR  - Fayazmilani, R., Abbasi, A., Hovanloo, F., & Asgari, M. (2022). The effect of TRX and bodyweight training on physical fitness and body composition in prepubescent soccer athletes. Sport Sciences for Health, 18(6), 1369–1377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-022-00908-1
CR  - Fong, S. S. M., Tam, Y. T., Macfarlane, D. J., Ng, S. S. M., Bae, Y.-H., Chan, E. W. Y., & Guo, X. (2015). Core Muscle Activity during TRX Suspension Exercises with and without Kinesiology Taping in Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: Implications for Rehabilitation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/910168
CR  - Gaedtke, A., & Morat, T. (2015). TRX Suspension Training: A New Functional Training Approach for Older Adults – Development, Training Control and Feasibility. International Journal of Exercise Science, 8(3), 224-233.
CR  - Granacher, U., Muehlbauer, T., Doerflinger, B., Strohmeier, R., & Gollhofer, A. (2015). The role of instability in plyometric training in youth: Effects on physical performance in sub-elite adolescent soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(5), 386–394. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395519
CR  - Gürgen, K., & Boz, H. K. (2023). The Effect of Trx Exercise Program on Sporting Performance of 13–15 Years Old Male Football Players. Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi, 5(2), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1375225
CR  - Haugen, T. A., Tønnessen, E., Hisdal, J., & Seiler, S. (2014). The role and development of sprinting speed in soccer. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 9(3), 432-441. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0121
CR  - Jalilvand, F., Mock, S., Stecyk, S., Crelling, J., Lockwood, J., & Lockie, R. (2015). The arrowhead change-of-direction speed test: reliability and relationships to other multidirectional speed assessments. In Proceedings of the 38th National Strength and Conditioning Association National Conference and Exhibition (pp. 8-11).
CR  - Janot, J. M., et al. (2013). The effects of TRX versus traditional resistance training programs on measures of muscular performance in adults. Journal of Fitness Research, 2(2), 23–38.
CR  - Kavanaugh, A. (2007). The role of progressive overload in sports conditioning. NSCA’s Performance Training Journal, 6(1), 15–17.
CR  - Keiner, M., Kadlubowski, B., Sander, A., Hartmann, H., & Wirth, K. (2022). Effects of 10 months of speed, functional, and traditional strength training on strength, linear sprint, change of direction, and jump performance in trained adolescent soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 36(8), 2236-2246. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003807
CR  - Khan, M. A., Al Sehemi Saad, A., & Alahmadi, O. A. (2025). Injury Prevention Programs in Youth Football: A Narrative Review of the FIFA 11+ and FUNBALL Programs. Cureus, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.82232
CR  - Khorjahani, A., Mirmoezzi, M., Bagheri, M., & Kalantariyan, M. (2021). Effects of TRX Suspension Training on Proprioception and Muscle Strength in Female Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.107042
CR  - Kibele, A., & Behm, D. G. (2009). Seven weeks of instability and traditional resistance training effects on strength, balance, and functional performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2443–2450. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bf0489
CR  - Kokstejn, J., Musalek, M., Wolanski, P., Murawska-Cialowicz, E., & Stastny, P. (2019). Fundamental motor skills mediate the relationship between physical fitness and soccer-specific motor skills in young soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 596. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00596
CR  - Koźlenia, D., & Domaradzki, J. (2021). The impact of physical performance on functional movement screen scores and asymmetries in female university physical education students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168872
CR  - Laws, A., Williams, S., & Wilson, C. (2017). The effect of clinical Pilates on functional movement in recreational runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(10), 776–780. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-113955
CR  - Liao, T., Duhig, S. J., Du, G., Luo, B., & Wang, Y. T. (2022). Effects of functional strength training intervention on movement quality and physical fitness in adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 129(1), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211045222
CR  - Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., & Spinks, C. D. (2003). Effects of Resisted Sled Towing on Sprint Kinematics in Field-Sport Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(4), 760–767.
CR  - Lohman, T. G., Roche, A. F., & Martorell, R. (1988). Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human Kinetics.
CR  - Mallmann, A. L. S., da Silva Medeiros, F., da Rosa, B. N., Gontijo, K. N. S., & Candotti, C. T. (2019). Effects of TRX Suspensions Training on functionality, body pain and static posture of an elderly woman: a case report. Journal of Health Sciences, 21(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n1p8-14
CR  - Marta, C. C., Marinho, D. A., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., & Marques, M. C. (2019). Effects of suspension versus traditional strength training on explosive strength in school-aged boys. Pediatric Exercise Science, 31(4), 473–479. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2018-0287
CR  - Mujika, I., Santisteban, J., & Castagna, C. (2009). In-season effect of short-term sprint and power training programs on elite junior soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2581-2587.
CR  - Negra, Y., Chaabene, H., Hammami, M., Hachana, Y., & Granacher, U. (2017). Effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in prepubertal soccer athletes: The role of surface instability. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(12), 3295–3304. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001773
CR  - Nešić, G., Majstorović, N., Vićentijević, A., Savić, Z., & Bratuša, Z. (2020). Volleyball players long term development through game system learning. Fizicka Kultura, 74(1), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.5937/fizkul2001082N
CR  - Mugurel, N., Ionela, N., & Luminita, A. E. (2011). Contributions Concerning Muscle Training in Professionnal Volleyball. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2011.343.348
CR  - Norton, K., & Olds, T. (1996). Anthropometrica: A textbook of body measurement for sports and health courses. UNSW Press
CR  - Ozdamar, S., Agopyan, A., & Uzun, S. (2024). The effects of dumbbell versus TRX suspension training on shoulder strength, vertical jump, and spike speed in volleyball players. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 32(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-230001
CR  - Pancar, S., Topçu, H., Arabacı, R., & Vardar, T. (2021). The effect of TRX suspension training on physical capacity of young sedentaries. The Journal of Eurasia Sport Sciences and Medicine, 3(1), 24-32.
CR  - Prieske, O., Mühlbauer, T., Borde, R. A., Gube, M., Bruhn, S., Behm, D. G., & Granacher, U. (2016). Neuromuscular and athletic performance following core strength training in elite youth soccer: Role of instability. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 26(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12403
CR  - Sannicandro, I., Agostino, S., Abate Daga, M., Veglio, F., & Abate Daga, F. (2024). Developing the physical performance in youth soccer: short-term effect of dynamic–ecological versus traditional training approach for sub-elite U13 players—an ecological exploratory cluster randomised trial. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 9(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020083
CR  - Sawczyn, M. (2020). Effects of a periodic functional strength training program (FST) on functional movement screen (FMS) in physical education students. Physical Education Studies, 24(2), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2020.1793456
CR  - Schwenk, M., Zieschang, T., Englert, S., Grewal, G. S., Najafi, B., & Hauer, K. (2014). Improvements in gait characteristics after intensive resistance and functional training in people with dementia: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 14(69). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-14-69
CR  - Silva, R. F., Cadore, E. L., Kothe, G., Guedes, M., Alberton, C. L., Pinto, S. S., ... & Kruel, L. F. M. (2012). Concurrent training with different aerobic exercises. International journal of sports medicine, 33(08), 627-634. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1299698
CR  - Snarr, R. L., & Esco, M. R. (2013). Electromyographical comparison of traditional and suspension push-ups. Journal of Human Kinetics, 39(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0070
CR  - Stepinski, M., Ceylan, H. I., & Zwierko, T. (2020). Seasonal variation of speed, agility and power performance in elite female soccer players: Effect of functional fitness. Physical Activity Review, 1(8), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2020.01.02
CR  - Thuc, D. C. (2018). The Factor Assay of Indicators of Physical and Functional Preparation of Basketball Players 18-25 Years Old. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002124
CR  - Tinto, A., Campanella, M., & Fasano, M. (2017). Core strengthening and synchronized swimming: TRX® suspension training in young female athletes. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(6). https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06338-6
CR  - Usgu, S., Yakut, Y., & Kudaş, S. (2020). Effects of functional training on performance in professional basketball players. Spor Hekimligi Dergisi/Turkish J. Sports Med. 55 (4), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjsm.2020.193
CR  - Valeh, S., Fatolahi, H., & Azarbayjani, M. A. (2020). Effect of eight weeks of low, moderate, and high-intensity TRX training on hot flashes, mood, fat percentage, and muscular endurance in postmenopausal women. Apunts Sports Medicine, 55(207), 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.05.004
CR  - World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic (WHO Technical Report Series No. 894). World Health Organization.
CR  - Wu, C., Cheong, M., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Q., Li, M., & Lei, S. (2023). Impact of functional training on functional movement and athletic performance in college dragon boat athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 3897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053897
CR  - Xiao, W., Soh, K. G., Wazir, M. R. W. N., Talib, O., Bai, X., Bu, T., ... & Gardasevic, J. (2021). Effect of functional training on physical fitness among athletes: a systematic review. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 738878. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.738878
CR  - Yıldız, S., Pinar, S., & Gelen, E. (2019). Effects of 8-week functional vs. traditional training on athletic performance and functional movement on prepubertal tennis players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(3), 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002897
UR  - https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1735638
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5026563
ER  -