TY  - JOUR
T1  - Investigation of the Relationships Between Yield and Yield Components of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties by Multivariate Analysis
AU  - Beycioğlu, Tahsin
AU  - Kıllı, Fatih
PY  - 2025
DA  - November
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.31015/2025.si.2
JF  - International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences
JO  - int. j. agric. environ. food sci.
PB  - Gültekin ÖZDEMİR
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2618-5946
SP  - 3
EP  - 4
VL  - 9
IS  - Special
LA  - en
AB  - In this study, the relationships among yield, yield components and quality traits of 7 different safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars (Balcı, Dinçer, Göktürk, Linas, Olas, Yekta and Zirkon) were investigated by multivariate analysis methods. The parameters of plant height, first branch height, number of branches, number of heads, head diameter, the number of seeds per head, thousand seed weight, seed yield and oil content were evaluated. According to the results of analysis of variance, statistically significant differences were found among the varieties in terms of all traits analyzed (p<0.01). Correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between plant height and seed yield (r=0.6086) and first branch height (r=0.6814), while negative correlations were found between number of branches and seed yield (r=-0.5900) and number of seeds per head (r=-0.7291). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed two principal components explaining 60% of the total variation. The first principal component (PC1) positively included the plant height, first branch height, head diameter, number of seeds per head and seed yield parameters, and negatively included the number of branches and oil content parameters. The second principal component (PC2) positively included the parameters of the number of heads and thousand seed weight. Hierarchical cluster analysis categorized the varieties and traits into two main groups. The variety Linas showed superior performance in terms of both seed yield (125,59 kg da-1) and oil content (38.07%). Multivariate analyses provided valuable information for determination of selection criteria in safflower breeding studies and optimization of breeding practices.
KW  - Safflower
KW  - Cultivars
KW  - Quality
KW  - Yield
KW  - Multivariate analysis
CR  - Ahlawat, I.P.S. (2008). Agronomy – Rabi Crops Safflower, Division of Agronomy Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
CR  - Amini F., Gh. Saeidi and A. Arzani. 2007. Relationship between seed yield/plant and its components in safflower genotypes. Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 45: 525-535.
CR  - Andırman, M., (2011). Investigation of the effect of different sowing time applications on yield and yield components of some safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars in Van ecological conditions. YYÜ. Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Field Crops, Van.
CR  - Anonymous, (2021a). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. ÜSKİM Soil Analysis Results. Kahramanmaras
CR  - Anonymous, (2021b). Data of Kahramanmaraş Provincial Directorate of Meteorology. Kahramanmaraş.
CR  - Arslan, B., Altuner, F., & Tunçtürk, M. (2003). A Research on Yield and Yield Characteristics of Some Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Grown in Van. Turkey 5th Field Crops Congress (October 13-17) (pp.468-472).
CR  - Aslan, D., & Sirat, A. (2022). Determination of Yield and Quality Characteristics of Some Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties under Gumushane (Kelkit) Conditions. Academic Journal of Agriculture, 11(2), 263-276.
CR  - Atan, M., Şahin, C.B., & İşler, N. (2019). Determination of yield, yield components and oil content of different safflower cultivars under Hatay conditions. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 22(5): 678-684.
CR  - Aydın, E. (2012). Determination of yield, yield components and quality criteria of some safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars in Samsun ecological conditions. (Master's thesis). Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Science and Technology, Samsun, 100 pp.
CR  - Babaoğlu, M. (2007). Safflower cultivation (Carthamus tinctorius L.), Trakya Agricultural Research Institute Directorate.
CR  - Birben, F. (2015). Determination of yield, quality and some vegetative traits in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) lines selected from natural vegetation. (Master's thesis). Selcuk University, Konya, 63pp.
CR  - Bozdemir, İ. (2020). The Effect of Different Sowing Densities on Yield and Quality in Safflower Varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.), Master's Thesis, Erciyes University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Field Crops, Kayseri, 43 pp.
CR  - Coşge, B. ve Kaya, D., 2008. Performance of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Sown in Late-autumn and Late-spring. Süleyman Demirel University, Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 12(1): 13-18.
CR  - Çamaş, N., Çırak, C., & Esendal, E. (2007). Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of aspirin (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under northern Turkey. Samsun: OMU Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, 22(1), 98-104.
CR  - Çavumirza, M., Demir, İ. (2024). Determination of Yield and Yield Components of Different Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties and Genotypes under Semi-Arid Conditions. 21st Century Science and Technical Journal, 11(22): 72-80.
CR  - Dajue, L., & Mündel, H.H. (1996). Safflower, (Carthamus tinctorius L.), Promoting The conservation and use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. 7, pp. 83, Institute of plant genetics and crop plant research, Gatersleben / International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
CR  - Demir, I. & Kara, K. (2018). The Effect of Different Environmental Conditions on Yield and Oil Rates of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Fresen. Environ. Bull. 27, 989-995.
CR  - Demir, İ. & Karaca, K. (2018). Effect of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses on Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Yield and Yield Components under Dry Conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 6(8): 971- 976.
CR  - Demir, İ. (2019). Effect of Different Nitrogen Doses on Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Yield and Quality. Science and Technology in the 21st Century, 1(11), 7-16.
CR  - Demirel, N. (2024). The Effects of Different Rotation Practices on Seed Yield and Some Yield Elements of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Yozgat Bozok University Graduate School of Education Department of Field Crops. 42s.
CR  - Dinçel, N. G. K. (2024). Yağ Bitkileri İçinde Kıymetli Bir Alternatif; Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 195-203. (in turkish)
CR  - Ebrahimian, E., Seyyedi, S. M., Bybordi, A., & Damalas, C. A. (2019). Seed yield and oil quality of sunflower, safflower, and sesame under different levels of irrigation water availability. Agricultural Water Management, 218, 149-157.
CR  - Ekin, F. (2019). The Effect of Different Sowing Times on Yield and Quality of Some Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties in Bingol Irrigated Conditions, Master's Thesis, Bingol University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Field Crops, Bingol, 27 pp.
CR  - Eslam, B. P., Monirifar, H., & Ghassemi, M. T. (2010). Evaluation of late season drought effects on seed and oil yields in spring safflower genotypes, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 34(5), 373-380.
CR  - FAO. 2025. Food and agriculture data, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC, (Accessed July 8, 2025).
CR  - Hatipoğlu, H., Arslan, H., Karakuş, M., & Köse, A. (2012). Determination of suitable sowing times of different safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under Şanlıurfa conditions. Journal of Uludağ University Faculty of Agriculture, 26(1), 1-16.
CR  - Karaaslan, D., & Hakan, M. (2007). Determination of the most suitable summer sowing time and cultivars for safflower under Diyarbakır conditions. Paper presented at the VIIth Field Crops Congress of Turkey.
CR  - Karaca Öner, E., & Şeker, T. (2021). Determination of quality performances of local safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties in Türkiye. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 30(6 A), 6392-6398.
CR  - Kaya, F., & Tunçtürk, R. (2018). Effect of different barnyard manure doses on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars under Bitlis-Adilcevaz ecological conditions. Eastern Journal of Science and Technology, 1(1), 19-28.
CR  - Kaya, M.D., İpek, A., Uranbey, S., & Kolsarıcı, Ö. (2004). Effects of ethephon applied to safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on yield and yield components. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(2), 182-186.
CR  - Keleş, R. (2010). The effects of different sowing times on yield, yield components and quality in some safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties. (Master's thesis). Selçuk University, Institute of Science and Technology, Konya, 123 p.
CR  - Keleş, R., & Öztürk, Ö. (2012). Effects of different sowing times on yield and quality of some safflower varieties, Journal of Agricultural Sciences Research, 5(1), 112-117.
CR  - Kıllı, F. (2007). Safflower as oil and fuel. Biofuel World, 7, 60-63.
CR  - Kıllı, F., Ermiş, H. 2009. Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Seed Yield and Yield Elements of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) with Nitrogen Applied at Different Amounts and Times under Kahramanmaras Conditions. Seed Yield, Yield Elements and Macro-Micro Element Content of Seed. Turkey VIIIth Field Crops Congress, (October 19-22, 2009), 107-110, Hatay.
CR  - Köse, A., & Bilir, O. (2017). The influence of row spacing and seeding rate on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institude, 26(1), 45-52.
CR  - Köse, A., F. Çelikoğlu Koşar, and Ö. Bilir. 2021. Agricultural Performance of Some Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Lines Improved by Mutation Breeding. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 8(2): 262-273. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.685982
CR  - Kunt, N. (2012). The effect of different row spacing and weed control on yield and quality in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). (Master's thesis). Selçuk University, Institute of Science and Technology, Konya. 47pp.
CR  - Mendiburu, F. D. 2023. agricolae: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. R package version 1.3-7. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/agricolae/index.html
CR  - Özel, A., Demirbilek, T., Çopur, O. and Gür, A., 2004. The Effect of Different Sowing Times and Row Spacing on Crown Leaf Yield and Some Herbal Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under Dry Conditions in Harran Plain. Harran Un.Z.F.Journal, 8 (3/4):1-7.
CR  - Özturk, F. (2019). The Evaluation of the yield and yield components of seven soybean (Glycine Max. (L). Merill.) genotypes grown as a second crop under Sirnak condition. Int. J. Agrc. Envron. Food Sc., 3(2), 54-57. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2019.2.1
CR  - Salamatı, M. S., Zeınalı, H., & Yousefı, E. (2011). Investigation of genetic variation in Carthamus tinctorius L. genotypes using agro-morphological traits. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science, 7(2), 101- 108.
CR  - Singh, V., & Nimbkar, N. (2006). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Chapter, 6, 167-194.
CR  - Sirel, Z. (2011). Agricultural characteristics of some safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties and lines. (Master's thesis). Osmangazi University, Institute of Science and Technology Eskisehir, 79 p.
CR  - Torabi, B., Adibniya, M., & Rahimi, A. (2015). Seedling emergence response to temperature in safflower: measurements and modeling. International Journal of Plant Production, 9(3), 393-412.
CR  - TUIK. 2025. Crop production statistics. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/, (Accessed July 8, 2025).
CR  - Uysal, N., Baydar, H., Erbaş, S., 2006. Determination of Agricultural and Technological Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Lines Developed from Isparta Population. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Agriculture, 1(1): 52-63.
CR  - Ünlüer, M. (2018). Possibilities of Developing Lines with High Yield and Oil Content in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) with Hybridization Breeding, Master's Thesis, Süleyman Demirel University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Field Crops, Isparta, 64 pp.
CR  - Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. ISBN 978-3-319-24277-4, https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
CR  - Yazdani, A. A., Saffari, M., & Ranjbar, G. (2019). Effect of application of treated wastewater on seed yield and heavy metals content of safflower cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 21(5), 1277-1286.
CR  - Yurteri, T. (2016). Investigation of yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties cultivated in different seasons under Yozgat conditions (Master's thesis, Institute of Science and Technology).140s.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.2
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5057619
ER  -