TY  - JOUR
T1  - Triadic Institutionalization of the Contemporary Far Right: Interactions Between Party, Movement, and Leadership
AU  - Özdemir, Celal Oral
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.47478/lectio.1753297
JF  - Lectio Socialis
JO  - Lectio
PB  - Emrah Konuralp
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2602-2443
SP  - 71
EP  - 92
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - This study analyzes the rise of the far right, which began with the 2008 global financial crisis, not simply as an ideological reaction but through a triadic institutional framework focusing on the dynamic interaction between parties, movements, and leaders. It argues that the core mechanism behind the far right’s success is a symbiotic, feedback-driven process of institutionalization involving these three elements: In this model, the party provides institutional resources while the movement mobilizes grassroots energy and street legitimacy. The leader, in turn, binds these two elements with charismatic authority, becoming the architect of reality in a post-truth political environment. Adopting qualitative and theoretical methodologies, this study analyzes the modes of reproduction of the contemporary far right by synthesizing concepts from theorists such as Laclau, Mouffe, Rancière, Tilly, and Weber. It is argued that leaders elevated by social movements and political parties subsequently acquire the power to transform both the party and the movement, and even to establish reality. It is argued that with this power, the far right can reshape democratic institutions from within. This triadic analysis aims to offer a new conceptual tool to the literature by explaining how the far right can maintain an anti-institutional discourse while simultaneously institutionalizing itself in three steps.
KW  - far right
KW  - political parties
KW  - social movement
KW  - leader
KW  - neo-authoritarianism
CR  - Albertazzi, D. & McDonnell, D. (2008). Conclusion: Populism and twenty-first-century Western European democracies. In D. Albertazzi & D. McDonnell (Eds.), Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy (pp. 217-224). Palgrave Macmillan.
CR  - Arrighi, G., Hopkins, T. K. & Wallerstein, I. (2004). Sistem karşıtı hareketler. Metis Yayınları.
CR  - Arzheimer, K. (2015). The AfD: Finally a successful right-wing populist Eurosceptic party for Germany?. West European Politics 38(3), 535-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1004230
CR  - Aytaç, S. E., Çarkoğlu, A. & Elçi, E. (2024). Populist appeals, emotions, and political mobilization. American Behavioral Scientist, 69(5), 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642241240
CR  - Balibar, É. (2004). We, the people of Europe? Reflections on transnational citizenship. Princeton University Press.
CR  - Betz, H. G. (1994). Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
CR  - Caiani, M. & della Porta, D. (2011). The elitist populism of the extreme right: A frame analysis of extreme right-wing discourses in Italy and Germany. Acta Politica, 46(2), 180-202. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2010.28
CR  - Castells, M. (2003). Enformasyon çağı: Ekonomi, toplum ve kültür. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
CR  - Copsey, N. (2004). Contemporary British fascism. Palgrave Macmillan.
CR  - Dalglish, C. (2006). From globalization to the “global village.” Global Change, Peace & Security, 18(2), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781150600687833
CR  - Della Porta, D. (2020). Social movements: An introduction (3rd ed.). Wiley‐Blackwell.
CR  - Eatwell, R. & Goodwin, M. (2018). National populism: The revolt against liberal democracy. Pelican Books.
CR  - Eco, U. (1995, June 22). Ur-Fascism. The New York Review of Books. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/
CR  - Erisen, C. & Vasilopoulou, S. (2022). The affective model of far‐right vote in Europe: Anger, political trust, and immigration. Social Science Quarterly, 103(3), 635–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13153
CR  - Fukuyama, F. (2016). Tarihin sonu ve son insan. Profil Yayınları.
CR  - Gerbaudo, P. (2022). Büyük geri tepme. Ayrıntı Yayınları.
CR  - Gidron, N. & Bonikowski, B. (2013). Varieties of populism: Literature review and research agenda. Harvard University Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. (WP 13-0004). https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/varieties-of-populism
CR  - Gunther, R. & Diamond, L. (2003). Species of political parties: A new typology, Party Politics, 9(2), 167-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688030092003
CR  - Hanisch, C. (1970). The personal is political. In S. Firestone & A. Koedt (Eds.), Notes from the second year: Women's liberation (pp. 76–78). Radical Feminism.
CR  - Hainsworth, P. (2008). The extreme right in Europe. Routledge.
CR  - Hutter, S. & Kriesi, H. (2019). European party politics in times of crisis. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Ignazi, P. (2003). Extreme-right parties in Western Europe. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Inglehart, R. & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series (WP16-026). https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash
CR  - Inglehart, R. & Norris, P. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Jamin, J. (2013). Two different realities: Notes on populism and the extreme right. In A. Mammone, E. Godin, & B.
CR  - Jenkins (Eds.), Varieties of right-wing extremism in Europe (pp. 38-53). Routledge.
CR  - Katz, S. R. & Mair, P. (1995). Changing models of party organization and party democracy, Party Politics, 1(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001001
CR  - Kaya, A. (2018). Right-wing populism and Islamophobism in Europe and their impact on Turkey–EU relations. Turkish Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1499431
CR  - Kelleci, T. (2023). (Post)kolonyalizm: özne, arzu ve siyasal melezlik. Siyasal Yayınevi.
CR  - Kirchheimer, O. (1966). The transformation of Western European party systems. In J. L. Palombara & M. Weiner (Eds.), Political Parties and Political Development, 177-200. Princeton University Press.
CR  - Knight, B. (2017, June 6). What is PEGIDA? DW. https://www.dw.com/en/german-issues-in-a-nutshell-pegida/a-39124630
CR  - Koca, B. (2022). “Kendi şehrimizde yabancı hale geldik:” Kilis’te Suriyeliler karşısında yerliler. In B. Koca & D. Altınoluk (Eds.) “Suriyeliler her yerde!” yerliler ve göçmenler. (pp. 47-75). İletişim Yayınları.
CR  - Laclau, E. (2007). Popülist akıl üzerine. Epos Yayınları.
CR  - Laclau, E. (2012). Evrensellik, kimlik ve özgürleşme. Birikim Yayınları.
CR  - Laclau, E. & Mouffe, C. (2017). Hegemonya ve sosyalist strateji: radikal demokratik bir politikaya doğru. İletişim Yayınları.
CR  - McCarthy, J. D. & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212-1241.
CR  - Mair, P. (2013). Ruling the void: The hollowing of western democracy. Verso Books.
CR  - Melander, I. (2017, February 4). Le Pen kicks off campaign with promise of French “freedom.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/le-pen-kicks-off-campaign-with-promise-of-french-freedom-idUSKBN15J001
CR  - Mammone, A. (2015). Transnational neofascism in France and Italy. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Michels, R. (2021). Siyasi partiler: modern demokrasideki oligarşik eğilimlerin sosyolojik incelemesi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
CR  - Moffitt, B. (2020). Popülizmin küresel yükselişi: Performans, siyasi üslup ve temsil. İletişim Yayınları.
CR  - Mudde, C. (2009). Populist radical-right parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Mudde, C. & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2019). Popülizm: kisa bir giriş. Nika Yayınevi.
CR  - Offe, C. (1985). New social movements: Challenging the boundaries of institutional politics. Social Research, 52(4), 817-868. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40970399.pdf
CR  - Panebianco, A. (1988). Political parties: Organization and power. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Rancière, J. (2007). Siyasalın kıyısında. Metis Yayınları.
CR  - Reuters. (2024, January 17). Hungarian PM Orban defends minister sanctioned by US. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/hungarian-pm-orban-defends-minister-sanctioned-by-us-2025-01-17/
CR  - Saç, S. (2017). Front national: Radikal (popülist) sağdan (ılımlı) neo-popülist sağa. Mülkiye Dergisi, 41(1), 259-290.
CR  - Sartori, G. (2005), Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. ECPR Press.
CR  - Sartori, G. (2014). Demokrasi teorisine geri dönüş. Sentez Yayınevi.
CR  - Schattschneider, E. E. (1942), Party government. Farrar and Rinehart.
CR  - Schmitt, C. (2012). Siyasal kavramı. Metis Yayınları.
CR  - The Times. (2025, January 13). Marine Le Pen: I’ll never forgive myself for expelling my father. The Times. https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/marine-le-pen-ill-never-forgive-myself-for-expelling-my-father-9wj7vsnwx
CR  - The White House. (2025, April 29). 100 days of hoaxes: Cutting through the fake news. The White Hause. https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2025/04/100-days-of-hoaxes-cutting-through-the-fake-news/
CR  - Tierney, M. K. (2019) President Trump's big beautiful wall: Discrimination, eminent domain, and the public use requirement domain, and the public use requirement. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 94(1): 179-204. https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol94/iss1/9
CR  - Tilly, C. (2004). Social movements, 1768-2004. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.
CR  - Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. & Foucault, M. (2019). Fear, anger, and voting for the far right: Evidence from the November 13, 2015, Paris Terror Attacks. Political Psychology, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513
CR  - V-Dem Institute. (2024). Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Dataset v14. University of Gothenburg. https://v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/
CR  - van Zomeren, M. (2021). Towards an integrative perspective on distinct positive emotions for political action: Analyzing, comparing, evaluating, and synthesizing three theoretical perspectives. Political Psychology, 42(1), 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12795
CR  - Waltz, K. N. (1993). The new world order, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 22(2), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298930220020801
CR  - Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society. University of California Press.
CR  - Weiss, H. M. & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18(1), 1-74.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.47478/lectio.1753297
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5101079
ER  -