TY - JOUR T1 - Integrated Emission and Cost Analysis of Battery-Electric Vehicles up to 2035 AU - Demirci, Oğuz Kürşat PY - 2025 DA - September Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753723 JF - Engineering Perspective JO - engineeringperspective PB - Hamit Solmaz WT - DergiPark SN - 2757-9077 SP - 111 EP - 122 VL - 5 IS - 3 LA - en AB - This study quantifies when battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) reach total cost of ownership (TCO) parity with their internal-combustion counterparts and characterises the cradle-to-grave greenhouse-gas (GHG) intensity trajectory to 2035. Our contribution is a transparent, Python-based framework that integrates battery-cost learning, ownership eco-nomics and life-cycle impacts within a harmonised scenario set, and links them to policy timing, ISO 15118-20-ready bidirectional charging and power-system carbon intensity. Drawing on a systematic synthesis of 221 peer-reviewed sources (2013–2025), the model runs annually for a representative C-segment BEV across three scenarios (Reference, Fast-Progress, Slow-Progress; 2024–2035). The results indicate that, under the median battery-pack price learning tra-jectory, BEV TCO falls below the ICE benchmark around 2029 (2028–2032 across scenarios), while life-cycle GHG intensity declines from approximately 73 to 34 g CO2-eq km-1 by 2035, spanning 29–42 g km-1 depending on grid de-carbonisation. Global sensitivity analysis identifies battery price as the principal driver of TCO outcomes and grid carbon intensity as the principal driver of emissions outcomes. Results are reported for three regional aggregates (OECD average, EU-27 and China), and the policy discussion highlights contrasts for the United States to contextual-ise cross-market differences. Policy alignment on three fronts—parity-linked purchase-incentive phase-outs, rapid deployment of ISO 15118-20-ready bidirectional charging, and stronger recycled-content targets—shortens time to cost competitiveness and amplifies the climate benefits of large-scale electrification. KW - Battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) KW - Circular battery economy KW - Grid decarbonisation KW - Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emis-sions KW - Total cost of ownership (TCO) CR - 1. International Energy Agency, Global EV Outlook 2025: Trends in Electric Car Markets. Paris, France: IEA, 2025. CR - 2. International Energy Agency, Global EV Outlook 2025: Execu-tive Summary. Paris, France: IEA, 2025. CR - 3. Diouf, B. (2025). The Second-Hand Market in the Electric Vehicle Transition. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 16(7), 397. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16070397 CR - 4. Hou, T., Wang, D., Jiang, B., Liu, Y., Kong, J., He, Y., ... & Xu, H. (2025). 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The Impact of Temperature and Ageing on LFP Electric Vehicle Batteries: A Comprehensive Modelling Study. International Journal of Automotive Science and Tech-nology, 9(1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1519778 UR - https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753723 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5102865 ER -