@article{article_1755213, title={A Critical Review of Pulp Stone Etiology and Clinical Significance}, journal={Aydın Dental Journal}, volume={11}, pages={237–244}, year={2025}, author={Al-shammari, Sana}, keywords={Endodontic complications, Pulp stones, Pulp calcifications, Pulp stone prevalence, Pulp stone classification.}, abstract={ABSTRACT Pulp stones are discrete nodular, calcified masses that form in the pulp cavity of teeth, including the apical and coronal portions of the pulp. Pulp stones can form in all kinds of teeth, including healthy teeth, diseased teeth and even in impacted or unerupted teeth. They most often form in several teeth and can even form in all the teeth of an individual. Pulp stones can be found either in permanent or deciduous teeth and even in teeth-like structures found in dermoid cysts. Pulp stones are classified by location as free, embedded, or adherent: free stones are entirely surrounded by pulp tissue and unattached to the pulp cavity walls, making them the most common type; embedded stones are fully enclosed within tertiary dentin, often in the apical pulp; and adherent stones are partially fused to the dentin wall while remaining partly in soft tissue. Due to the difficulty in distinguishing between embedded and adherent types, some researchers group them as "attached" pulp stones, which may later detach and become free within the pulp tissue .Pulp stones are mainly noticed under radiography and appear as lesions or radiopaque structures that can be round or ovoid. In general, there is no clear imaging appearance or uniformity in shape.it can be associated with age, gender, systemic disease, caries, restorative and orthodontic treatments.In principle, pulp stones do not require treatment; however, they may obstruct endodontic procedures and should be removed if they significantly interfere with treatment.}, number={2}, publisher={Istanbul Aydin University}