TY  - JOUR
T1  - Acrostichum aureum linn (crosiers): Unveiling nutritional content, phytochemical composition and anxiolytic activity through preclinical studies
AU  - Vaz, Daniel Anthony
AU  - Fernandes, Sweaton
AU  - Arondekar, Asmita
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.12991/jrespharm.1763605
JF  - Journal of Research in Pharmacy
JO  - J. Res. Pharm.
PB  - Marmara University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2630-6344
SP  - 1959
EP  - 1971
VL  - 29
IS  - 5
LA  - en
AB  - Acrostichum aureum Linn., a mangrove fern found in tropical and subtropical regions, is known for its medicinal properties. Despite its traditional use, the nutritional content, phytochemical composition, and anxiolytic potential of its edible crosiers remain unexplored. This study aimed to address this gap by analysing the nutritional content, phytochemical composition, and anxiolytic activity of crosiers. Fresh crosiers underwent nutritional analysis, mineral and vitamin assessment and heavy metal screening. Subsequently, phytochemical investigations were conducted on aqueous and methanolic extracts, followed by anxiolytic activity screening in Wistar albino rats using elevated plus maze and light and dark model. Nutritional analysis revealed crosiers as a rich source of dietary fiber (18% RDA), essential minerals (copper 19% RDA), and vitamins (A >100% RDA, C 15% RDA, B1 15% RDA, B7 17% RDA, B9 37% RDA). Notably, Vitamin A content exceeded daily requirements, highlighting potential health benefits. The absence of significant heavy metal contamination suggests the safety of consuming crosiers. Phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, proteins, and carbohydrates in plant extracts. The aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) exhibited significant (P
KW  - Acrostichum aureum
KW  - Nutritional profile
KW  - Anti-anxiety activity
KW  - Heavy metal content
KW  - Nutraceutical
CR  - [1] Yatskievych G. Pteridophytes (Ferns). eLS. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0003679
CR  - [2] Liu Y, Wujisguleng W, Long C. Food uses of ferns in China: A review. Acta Soc Bot Poloniae. 2012; 81(4): 263–270. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2012.046
CR  - [3] Ayyanna G, Sridhar K. Nutraceutical and Bioactive Significance of Ferns; with Emphasis on the Medicinal Fern Diplazium. In: Egamberdieva D, Tiezzi A. (Eds). Medically Important Plant Biomes: Source of Secondary Metabolites. Springer, Singapore, 2019; 115–131.
CR  - [4] Acrostichum aureum L. Taxonomic Serial No.: 17305; Integrated Taxonomic Information System - Report. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt#null , (accessed on 11 November 2021).
CR  - [5] Yong J, Tan PY, Nor Hafiz Hassan TS. A Selection of Plants for Greening of Waterways and Waterbodies in the Tropics. Singapore: Chung Printing. 2010; 480.
CR  - [6] Lobo SM, Gulimane K. Nutritional analysis of rhizome and physicochemical characteristics of starch extracted from the mangrove fern Acrostichum aureum L. Starch. 2015; 67(7–8): 716–719. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201500024
CR  - [7] Prasannakumari AA, Gangadevi T, Jayaraman PR. Absorption potential for heavy metals by selected ferns associated with Neyyar River (Kerala), South India. Int J Environ Sci. 2014; 5(2): 270–276.
CR  - [8] Kaewtubtim P, Meeinkuirt W, Seepom S, Pichtel J. Heavy metal phytoremediation potential of plant species in a mangrove ecosystem in Pattani Bay, Thailand. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 2016; 14(1): 367–382.
CR  - [9] Sukumaran D, Joseph J, K. M, P.S H. The Role of Antioxidant Metabolism in Phytoremediation of Shrimp Farm Effluent by Acrostichum aureum Linn. Am J Environ Prot. 2019; 7(1): 7–12.
CR  - [10] Das SK, Grewal AS, Banerjee M. A brief review: Heavy metal and their analysis. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2011; 11(1): 13–8.
CR  - [11] Lai H, Lim Y, Tan SP. Antioxidative, Tyrosinase Inhibiting and Antibacterial Activities of Leaf Extracts from Medicinal Ferns. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009; 73: 1362–1366. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90018
CR  - [12] Numbere AO, Maduike EB. Investigation of the anti-bacterial properties of mangrove fern, Acrostichum aureum in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol. 2021; 20(4): 142–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB2021.17307
CR  - [13] Nageswara Rao G, Ravi G, Sharath Kumar Goud S, Aparna M, Uzma J. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of Acrostichum aureum Linn. J Pharm Sci Res. 2012; 4(6): 1844–1847.
CR  - [14] Heera VA, Joseph E. A Study on the Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Three Selected Ferns. Int J Res in Eng Sci. 2021; 9(7): 68–73.
CR  - [15] Hossain H, Jahan IA, Nimmi I, Hossain A, Kawsar H. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Acrostichum aureum (Linn.) root. Bangladesh Pharm J. 2011; 14(2): 107–109.
CR  - [16] Wu X, Huang Q, Xu N, Cai J, Luo D, Zhang Q, Su Z, Gao C, Liu Y. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Water Extract of Acrostichum aureum Linn. against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3585394
CR  - [17] Ara Khan S, Hossain A, Panthi S, Asadujjaman, Hossin A. Assessment of antioxidant and analgesic activity of Acrostichum aureum linn. (Family- Pteridaceae). Pharmacologyonline. 2013; 1: 166–171.
CR  - [18] Arockia Badhsheeba R, Vadivel V. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of Acrostichum aureum Linn. Rachis. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018; 7(6): 1146–1151.
CR  - [19] Hossain H, Ara Jahan I, Nimmi I, Hassan M, Islam Howlader S, Moniruzzaman S. Antidiarrhoeal activity and total tannin content from the root of Acrostichum aureum (Linn). Int J Pharm. 2012; 1(1): 81–5.
CR  - [20] Herman HP, Susanti D, Saad S, Taher M, Ramli N. Wound Healing Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Acrostichum aureum and Acrostichum speciosum Rhizome in Rats. J Trop Resour Sustain Sci. 2013; 1(2): 42–48. https://doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v1i2.640
CR  - [21] Devi RK, Rajesh N V, Vasantha S, Geetha VS. Anti-Parasitic action of Actinopteris radiata, Acrostichum aureum and Hemionitis arifolia. Int J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2015; 4(4): 1–9.
CR  - [22] Uddin SJ, Bettadapura J, Guillon P, Grice I D, Mahalingam S, Tiralongo E. In-vitro antiviral activity of a novel phthalic acid ester derivative isolated from the bangladeshi mangrove fern acrostichum aureum. J Antivir Antiretrovir. 2013; 5(6): 139–144. https://doi.org/10.4172/jaa.1000078
CR  - [23] Uddin S, Jason T, Beattie K, Grice I, Tiralongo E. (2S,3S)-Sulfated Pterosin C, a Cytotoxic Sesquiterpene from the Bangladeshi Mangrove Fern Acrostichum aureum. J Nat Prod. 2011; 74: 2010–2013. https://doi.org/10.1021/np2004598
CR  - [24] Tiralongo E, Uddin SJ, Grice ID. Cytotoxic effects of Bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep111
CR  - [25] Thomas A, Prashob Peter KJ, Chandramohanakumar N. A profiling of anti-tumour potential of sterols in the mangrove fern Acrostichum aureum. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 2016; 8(11): 1828–1832.
CR  - [26] Uddin SJ, Grice D, Tiralongo E. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of patriscabratine, tetracosane and various flavonoids isolated from the Bangladeshi medicinal plant Acrostichum aureum. Pharm Biol. 2012; 50(10): 1276–1280. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.673628
CR  - [27] ICMR-NIN. Expert Group on Nutrient Requirement for Indians; Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) & Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) - 2020. https://www.nin.res.in/RDA_short_Report_2020.html (accessed on 28 December 2021).
CR  - [28] Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Junaid M, Ullah F, Ovais M, Ullah I, Ahmed J, Shahid M. Flavonoids as Prospective Neuroprotectants and Their Therapeutic Propensity in Aging Associated Neurological Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019: 26; 11: 155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00155.
CR  - [29] Hussain G, Huang J, Rasul A, Anwar H, Imran A, Maqbool J, Razzaq A, Aziz N, Makhdoom EUH, Konuk M, Sun T. Putative Roles of Plant-Derived Tannins in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatry Disorders: An Updated Review. Molecules. 2019; 13; 24 (12): 2213. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122213.
CR  - [30] Ebrahimi MS, Hosseini Z, Khatami A, Abbasi-Kolli M, Sadri Nahand J, Kouchaki E, Mirzaei H. Neuroprotective effects of glycosides. In: Khan H, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, editors. Phytonutrients and neurological disorders. Academic Press; 2023. pp. 201-226.
CR  - [31] Hussain G, Rasul A, Anwar H, Aziz N, Razzaq A, Wei W, Ali M, Li J, Li X. Role of Plant Derived Alkaloids and Their Mechanism in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Biol Sci. 2018; 9; 14(3): 341-357. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.23247.
CR  - [32] Kimura T, Saunders PA, Kim HS, Rheu HM, Oh KW, Ho IK. Interactions of ginsenosides with ligand-bindings of GABA (A) and GABA (B) receptors. Gen. Pharmacol. 1994; 1; 25(1): 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306- 3623(94)90032-9.
CR  - [33] Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of health and family welfare GOI. Manual of Methods of Analysis of Foods - Fruit and Vegetable products. 2016; 4.4. https://old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Manual_Fruits_Veg_25_05_2016.pdf (accessed on 28 December 2021).
CR  - [34] Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of health and family welfare GOI. Manual of methods of analysis of foods - Oils and fats. 2016 https://fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Manual_Oil_Fat_25_05_2016(1).pdf (accessed on 21 May 2021).
CR  - [35] Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of health and family welfare GOI. Manual of Methods of Analysis of Foods - Fruit and Vegetable products. 2016; 14.9. https://old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Manual_Fruits_Veg_25_05_2016.pdf (accessed on 28 December 2021).
CR  - [36] Hayes M. Measuring protein content in food: An overview of methods. Foods. 2020; 9(10). https://doi.org/10.0.13.62/foods9101340
CR  - [37] FAO. Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Food energy-methods of analysis and conversion factors. Food and Nutrition Paper. 2003; 77. https://www.fao.org/3/y5022e/y5022e00.htm (accessed on 7 January 2022).
CR  - [38] Atwater, W. O. and Woods, C. D. The chemical composition of American food materials. U. S. Department of Agriculture Office of Experiment Stations. Bulletin, 28. 1896; 1–48. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/hist/oes_1896_bul_28.pdf (accessed on 7 January 2022).
CR  - [39] Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL; Official Method 985.29. 20th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC INTERNATIONAL; 2012.
CR  - [40] IS 5838: Methods for estimation of Vitamin C in foodstuffs. Indian Standards Institution. 1970; Reaffirmed:3–6. https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.5838.1970.pdf (accessed on 16 January 2022).
CR  - [41] Rizzolo A, Polesello S. Chromatographic determination of vitamins in foods. J Chromatogr A. 1992; 624(1–2): 103– 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)85676-K
CR  - [42] Jakob E, Elmadfa I. Rapid and simple HPLC analysis of vitamin K in food, tissues and blood. Food Chem. 1999; 68: 219–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00158-2
CR  - [43] Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare GOI. Manual of methods of analysis of foods - Metals. 2016. https://fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Manual_Metals_25_05_2016(1).pdf (accessed on 21 May 2022).
CR  - [44] Kokate, C.K., Purohit AP& G. Pharmacognosy. 54th ed., Nirali Prakashan, Pune, India, 2012.
CR  - [45] Compendium of CCSEA. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, GOI. 2018. http://cpcsea.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Compendium of CPCSEA.pdf (accessed on 4 January 2022).
CR  - [46] Walf AA, Frye CA. The use of the elevated plus maze as an assay of anxiety-related behavior in rodents. Nat Protoc. 2007; 2(2): 322–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.44
CR  - [47] Vogel G H. Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays, Elevated Plus Maze. In: 3rd ed. Springer, New York, 2008, pp.626–628.
CR  - [48] Vogel Gerhard Hans, editor. Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays, Light and Dark Test. In: 3rd ed. Springer, New York, 2008, pp.622–623.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1763605
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5147918
ER  -