TY  - JOUR
T1  - Functional effects of quercetin via the haematology–gut axis: Resistance to Lactococcus petauri in Oncorhynchus mykiss
AU  - Köse, Özay
PY  - 2026
DA  - April
Y2  - 2026
DO  - 10.3153/AR26012
JF  - Aquatic Research
JO  - Aquat Res
PB  - Nuray ERKAN ÖZDEN
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2618-6365
SP  - 129
EP  - 147
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
LA  - en
AB  - This study evaluated the effects of low-fat (LFD), high-fat (HFD), and quercetin-supplemented high-fat (HFD+Q; 0.2 g/kg) diets on the haematological responses, intestinal histomorphology/histopathology, and resistance to Lactococcus petauri infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 270 fish (initial mean weight: 38.37 g) were randomly distributed into three dietary groups with three replicates per treatment (30 fish per tank) and fed the experimental diets for eight weeks. At the end of the trial, haematological parameters were determined using an automated analyser; histomorphometric measurements (muscle layers, villus parameters, and goblet cell counts) and histopathological evaluations were performed on intestinal samples. Furthermore, an intraperitoneal challenge with L. petauri was conducted to evaluate disease resistance. The HFD group exhibited significant suppression of leukocyte profiles (WBC, LYM, MID, GRAN) and a downward trend in HGB/HCT and erythrocyte indices. This group also displayed intestinal alterations consistent with muscular layer irregularities, submucosal oedema, and loss of goblet cells. In contrast, the HFD+Q group maintained more balanced haematological parameters and intestinal barrier indicators, contributing to the recovery of mucosal defence by increasing goblet cell counts compared to the HFD group. In the challenge trial, the survival probability was significantly higher in the HFD+Q group. In conclusion, quercetin is a functional feed additive with the potential to enhance resistance to L. petauri infection by supporting haematological homeostasis and intestinal integrity under high-fat feeding conditions. Further immunological and molecular studies are recommended to elucidate the mechanism of action and optimal dosage.
KW  - Oncorhynchus mykiss
KW  - Lactococcus petauri
KW  - Quercetin
KW  - High-fat diet
KW  - Haematology
KW  - Intestinal histology
CR  - Abdo, H. S., Mohammady, E. Y., Tonsy, H. D., Ibrahim, A., & Hassaan, M. S. (2024). The potential synergistic action of quercetin and/or Pediococcus acidilactici on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus performance. Aquaculture, 581(November 2023), 740353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740353
CR  - Alami, S., Jorjani, S., Ghelichi, A., Kazemi, R., & Ghiasvand, Z. (2024). Effects of partial replacement of fish oil by vegetable oil and animal fat on hematological and serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, lipase activity and intestine histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Aquatic Research, 16(2), 157–167.
CR  - Alcorn, S. W., Pascho, R. J., Murray, A. L., & Shearer, K. D. (2003). Effects of ration level on immune functions in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture, 217(1–4), 529–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00369-1
CR  - Altinok, I., Ozturk, R. C., & Ture, M. (2022). NGS analysis revealed that Lactococcus garvieae Lg‐Per was Lactococcus petauri in Türkiye. Journal of Fish Diseases, 45(12), 1839–1843. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13708
CR  - Armobin, K., Ahmadifar, E., Adineh, H., Samani, M. N., Kalhor, N., Yilmaz, S., Hoseinifar, S. H., & Van Doan, H. (2023). Quercetin application for common carp (Cyprinus carpio): I. Effects on growth performance, humoral immunity, antioxidant status, immune-related genes, and resistance against heat stress. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2023, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1168262
CR  - Austin, B., & Zhang, X.-H. (2006). Vibrio harveyi: A significant pathogen of marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 43(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01989.x
CR  - Awad, E. (2025). The role of natural products on the immune status of freshwater fish. Aquaculture International, 33(6), 396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.009
CR  - Awad, E., Awaad, A.S., & Esteban, M.A. (2015). Effects of dihydroquercetin obtained from deodar 493 (Cedrus deodara) on immune status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish 494 Immunology, 43(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.009 495
CR  - Awad, W.A., Ghareeb, K., Abdel-Raheem, S., & Böhm, J. (2009). Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 88(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00244
CR  - Baeza-Ariño, R., Martínez-Llorens, S., Nogales-Mérida, S., Jover-Cerda, M., & Tomás-Vidal, A. (2016). Study of liver and gut alterations in sea bream, Sparus aurata L., fed a mixture of vegetable protein concentrates. Aquaculture Research, 47(2), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12507
CR  - Balta, I., Simiz, F.D., Stef, D., Pet, I., Dumitrescu, G., Iancu, T., Cretescu, I., Corcionivoschi, N., & Stef, L. (2025). A new strategy to prevent emerging Lactococcus garvieae infections by using organic acids as antimicrobials in vitro and ex vivo. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(7), 3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073423
CR  - Bischoff, S.C. (2008). Quercetin: Potentials in the prevention and therapy of disease. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 11(6), 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831394b8
CR  - Bujjamma, P., & Padmavathi, P. (2018). Effect of cadmium on haematological changes in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. International Journal of Zoology Studies, 3(1), 132–141.
CR  - Calder, P.C. (2015). Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1851(4), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010
CR  - Cornet, V., Ouaach, A., Mandiki, S.N.M., Flamion, E., Ferain, A., Van Larebeke, M., Lemaire, B., Reyes López, F. E., Tort, L., Larondelle, Y., & Kestemont, P. (2018). Environmentally-realistic concentration of cadmium combined with polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched diets modulated non-specific immunity in rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology, 196, 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.01.012
CR  - Cunningham, P., Patton, E., VanderVeen, B.N., Unger, C., Aladhami, A., Enos, R.T., Madero, S., Chatzistamou, I., Fan, D., Murphy, E.A., & Velázquez, K.T. (2022). Sub-chronic oral toxicity screening of quercetin in mice. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 22(1), 279. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03758-z
CR  - Czech, A., Kowalczuk, E., & Grela, E. (2009). The effect of a herbal extract used in pig fattening on the animals’ performance and blood components. Annales UMCS, Zootechnica, 27(2), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10083-009-0009-7
CR  - de Ruyter, T., Littman, E., Yazdi, Z., Adkison, M., Camus, A., Yun, S., Welch, T. J., Keleher, W.R., & Soto, E. (2023). Comparative evaluation of booster vaccine efficacy by intracoelomic injection and immersion with a whole-cell killed vaccine against Lactococcus petauri infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pathogens, 12(5), 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050632
CR  - Deng, J., Kang, B., Tao, L., Rong, H., & Zhang, X. (2013). Effects of dietary cholesterol on antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed soybean meal-based diets. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34(1), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.008
CR  - Duan, W., Li, T., & Liu, R.H. (2025). Bioactive compounds, quercetin, curcumin and β-glucan, regulate innate immunity via the gut-liver-brain axis. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 156, 104864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104864
CR  - Egger, R.C., Rosa, J.C.C., Resende, L.F.L., de Pádua, S.B., de Oliveira Barbosa, F., Zerbini, M.T., Tavares, G.C., & Figueiredo, H.C.P. (2023). Emerging fish pathogens Lactococcus petauri and L. garvieae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farmed in Brazil. Aquaculture, 565, 739093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.739093
CR  - Er, A., İpek, Z.Z., Arslan, M.N., & Kayis, Ş. (2021). Vibrio vulnificus infection in horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) and its characteristic symptoms: An experimental study. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 41(4), 169–172. https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.33983
CR  - Er, A., Minaz, M., & Kayış, Ş. (2024). Effect of pozzolanic cement exposure in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 39(2). https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241385806
CR  - Esmaeili, N. (2021). Blood performance: A new formula for fish growth and health. Biology, 10(12), 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121236
CR  - Fazio, F., Marafioti, S., Torre, A., Sanfilippo, M., Panzera, M., & Faggio, C. (2013). Haematological and serum protein profiles of Mugil cephalus: Effect of two different habitats. Ichthyological Research, 60(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-012-0303-1
CR  - Feng, J., Li, Z., Ma, H., Yue, Y., Hao, K., Li, J., Xiang, Y., & Min, Y. (2023). Quercetin alleviates intestinal inflammation and improves intestinal functions via modulating gut microbiota composition in LPS-challenged laying hens. Poultry Science, 102(3), 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102433
CR  - Gasmi, A., Mujawdiya, P.K., Lysiuk, R., Shanaida, M., Peana, M., Gasmi Benahmed, A., Beley, N., Kovalska, N., & Bjørklund, G. (2022). Quercetin in the prevention and treatment of coronavirus infections: A focus on SARS-CoV-2. Pharmaceuticals, 15(9), 1049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15091049
CR  - Ghafarifarsani, H., Hoseinifar, S.H., Javahery, S., Yazici, M., & Van Doan, H. (2022). Growth performance, biochemical parameters, and digestive enzymes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed experimental diets supplemented with vitamin C, thyme essential oil, and quercetin. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 21(1), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1965923
CR  - Hamedi, S., Rezaian, M., & Shomali, T. (2011). Histological changes of small intestinal mucosa of cocks due to sunflower meal single feeding. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2011.171.175
CR  - Hasan, I., Rimoldi, S., Chiofalo, B., Oteri, M., Antonini, M., Armone, R., Kalemi, V., Gasco, L., & Terova, G. (2024). Effects of poultry by-product meal and complete replacement of fish oil with alternative oils on growth performance and gut health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A FEEDNETICSTM validation study. BMC Veterinary Research, 20(1), 472. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04324-0
CR  - Hoseini, S. M., Adineh, H., Kulikov, E.V., Vatnikov, Y.A., Telezhenkova, A.I., & Yousefi, M. (2025). Effects of dietary autolyzed yeast and quercetin on growth performance, antioxidant and immunological parameters, and resistance to heat stress in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 600(February), 742257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.742257
CR  - Hu, X., Ma, W., Zhang, D., Tian, Z., Yang, Y., Huang, Y., & Hong, Y. (2025). Application of natural antioxidants as feed additives in aquaculture: A review. Biology, 14(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14010087
CR  - Hu, Y., Li, A., Shao, X., Zhu, J., Cai, J., Ma, J., & Lu, R. (2025). Assessing the risks of dietary quercetin supplementation in red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara): Effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, lipid level, and intestinal microbiome. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1678527
CR  - Huyben, D., Chiasson, M., Lumsden, J. S., Pham, P. H., & Chowdhury, M. A. K. (2021). Dietary microencapsulated blend of organic acids and plant essential oils affects intestinal morphology and microbiome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Microorganisms, 9(10), 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102063
CR  - Jalali, M.A., Ahmadifar, E., Sudagar, M., & Takami, G. A. (2009). Growth efficiency, body composition, survival and haematological changes in great sturgeon (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles fed diets supplemented with different levels of ergosan. Aquaculture Research, 40(7), 804–809. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02166.x
CR  - Khasanov, R., Svoboda, D., Tapia-Laliena, M.Á., Kohl, M., Maas-Omlor, S., Hagl, C.I., Wessel, L.M., & Schäfer, K.-H. (2023). Muscle hypertrophy and neuroplasticity in the small bowel in short bowel syndrome. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 160(5), 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-023-02214-4
CR  - Kim, J. E., Lee, M. R., Park, J. J., Choi, J. Y., Song, B. R., Son, H. J., Choi, Y. W., Kim, K. M., Hong, J. T., & Hwang, D. Y. (2018). Quercetin promotes gastrointestinal motility and mucin secretion in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats through regulation of the mAChRs downstream signal. Pharmaceutical Biology, 56(1), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1474932
CR  - Kong, Yuxin, Tian, J., Niu, X., Li, M., Kong, Yidi, Li, R., Chen, X., & Wang, G. (2022). Effects of dietary quercetin on growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response and immune-related gene expression in snakehead fish, Channa argus. Aquaculture Reports, 26, 101314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101314
CR  - Köse, Ö. (2025). Quercetin: A natural remedy against high-fat diet-induced liver steatosis in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1656703
CR  - Köse, Ö., Arıman Karabulut, H., Kurtoğlu, İ.Z., & Er, A. (2021). Effects of feed rations containing egg powder in different proportions on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and survival rate of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) fry. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.1.08
CR  - Kose, O., & Karabulut, H.A. (2022). Effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) methanolic root leaf and flower extracts on growth performance, body composition and hematologic blood parameters of fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 31(4), 4459–4471.
CR  - Köse, Ö., Karabulut, H.A., & Er, A. (2024). Dandelion root extract in trout feed and its effects on the physiological performance of Oncorhynchus mykiss and resistance to Lactococcus garvieae infection. Annals of Animal Science, 24(1), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2023-0072
CR  - Lee, B., Lee, J., Lim, S., Seong, M., Yun, H., Han, S., Kim, K.-W., Lee, S., Jeong, S.-M., Park, M.C., Hong, W.S., Kwon, S.R., & Park, Y. (2024). Effects of low-lipid diets on growth, haematology, histology and immune responses of parr-stage Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Animals, 14(11), 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111581
CR  - Liu, Z.-L., Zhao, W., Hu, W.-S., Zhu, B., Xie, J.-J., Liu, Y.-J., Tian, L.-X., & Niu, J. (2021). Lipid metabolism, growth performance, antioxidant ability and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under cage culture with flowing water were affected by dietary lipid levels. Aquaculture Reports, 19, 100593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100593
CR  - Lokka, G., Austbo, L., Falk, K., Bjerkås, I., & Koppang, E.O. (2013). Intestinal morphology of the wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Morphology, 274(8), 859–876. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20142
CR  - Luna, L.G. (1968). Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Blakiston Division (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
CR  - Magalhães, R., Martins, N., Fontinha, F., Olsen, R.E., Serra, C.R., Peres, H., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2023). Dietary ARA, DHA, and carbohydrate ratios affect the immune status of gilthead sea bream Juveniles upon bacterial challenge. Animals, 13(11), 1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111770
CR  - Matulić, D., Barišić, J., Aničić, I., Tomljanović, T., Safner, R., Treer, T., Gao, J., Glojnarić, I., & Čož-Rakovac, R. (2020). Growth, health aspects and histopathology of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.): Replacing fishmeal with soybean meal and brewer’s yeast. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57722-3
CR  - Mendivil, C.O. (2021). Dietary fish, fish nutrients, and immune function: A review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.617652
CR  - Milián-Sorribes, M.C., Martínez-Llorens, S., Peñaranda, D.S., Jauralde, I., Jover-Cerdá, M., & Tomás-Vidal, A. (2024). Growth, survival, and intestinal health alterations in Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerili) due to alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46(1), 753–772. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46010049
CR  - Minaz, M., Er, A., Ak, K., Nane, İ.D., İpek, Z.Z., Kurtoğlu, İ.Z., & Kayış, Ş. (2022). Short-term exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) as a plastic precursor: Hematological and behavioral effects on Oncorhynchus mykiss and Vimba vimba. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(4), 122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05585-x
CR  - Ming, J., Chen, J., Zheng, F., Wang, T., Du, Y., Wang, J., Shao, X., Yang, X., Wu, C., & Ye, J. (2025). Dietary quercetin improves growth performance and modulates non-specific immunity, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism via NF-κB, Nrf2, and AMPK signaling pathways in black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) fed high-fat diets. Aquaculture Reports, 43, 102909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102909
CR  - Modzelewska, B., Drygalski, K., Kleszczewski, T., Chomentowski, A., Koryciński, K., Kiełczewska, A., Pawłuszewicz, P., & Razak Hady, H. (2021). Quercetin relaxes human gastric smooth muscles directly through ATP‐sensitive potassium channels and not depending on the nitric oxide pathway. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 33(7). 
https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14093
CR  - Morgan, A.L., Thompson, K.D., Auchinachie, N.A., & Migaud, H. (2008). The effect of seasonality on normal haematological and innate immune parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss L. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25(6), 791–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.05.011
CR  - Muderrisoglu, S., Cenesiz, S., & Yarim, M. (2022). Determination of the effect of quercetinon oxidant- antioxidant parameters in the blood and liver tissues of rats given sodium fluoride experimentally. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 99(7), 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2022.100486
CR  - Nabi, N., Ahmed, I., & Wani, G.B. (2022). Hematological and serum biochemical reference intervals of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss cultured in Himalayan aquaculture: Morphology, morphometrics and quantification of peripheral blood cells. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(4), 2942–2957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.019
CR  - Nasruddin, N.S., Azmai, M.N.A., Ismail, A., Saad, M.Z., Daud, H.M., & Zulkifli, S.Z. (2014). Histological features of the gastrointestinal tract of wild Indonesian shortfin eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor (McClelland, 1844), captured in Peninsular Malaysia. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/312670
CR  - Niessen, P., Rensen, S., van Deursen, J., De Man, J., De Laet, A., Vanderwinden, J., Wedel, T., Baker, D., Doevendans, P., Hofker, M., Gijbels, M., & van Eys, G. (2005). Smoothelin-A is essential for functional intestinal smooth muscle contractility in mice. Gastroenterology, 129(5), 1592–1601. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.018
CR  - Oliveira, J., Oliva-Teles, A., & Couto, A. (2024). Tracking biomarkers for the health and welfare of aquaculture fish. Fishes, 9(7), 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070289
CR  - Onomu, A.J., & Okuthe, G.E. (2024). The role of functional feed additives in enhancing aquaculture sustainability. Fishes, 9(5), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050167
CR  - Pasdar, Y., Oubari, F., Zarif, M.N., Abbasi, M., Pourmahmoudi, A., & Hosseinikia, M. (2020). Effects of quercetin supplementation on hematological parameters in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Clinical Nutrition Research, 9(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2020.9.1.11
CR  - Roh, H., Park, J., Kim, A., Kim, N., Lee, Y., Kim, B.S., Vijayan, J., Lee, M.K., Park, C.-I., & Kim, D.-H. (2020). Overfeeding-induced obesity could cause potential immuno-physiological disorders in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals, 10(9), 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091499
CR  - Seibel, H., Baßmann, B., & Rebl, A. (2021). Blood will tell: What hematological analyses can reveal about fish welfare. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8(March), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.616955
CR  - Shiogiri, N.S., Ikefuti, C.V., Carraschi, S.P., da Cruz, C., & Fernandes, M.N. (2017). Effects of azithromycin on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Health status evaluation using biochemical, physiological and morphological biomarkers. Aquaculture Research, 48(7), 3669–3683. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13191
CR  - Tavares-Dias, M., Ferreira, J.S., Affonso, E.G., Ono, E.A., & Martins, M.L. (2011). Toxicity and effects of copper sulfate on parasitic control and hematological response of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Boletim Do Instituto de Pesca, 37(4), 355–365.
CR  - Uyanga, V.A., Amevor, F.K., Liu, M., Cui, Z., Zhao, X., & Lin, H. (2021). potential implications of citrulline and quercetin on gut functioning of monogastric animals and humans: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 13(11), 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113782
CR  - Vatsos, I.N. (2021). Planning and reporting of the histomorphometry used to assess the intestinal health in fish nutrition research—suggestions to increase comparability of the studies. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.666044
CR  - Vela, A.I., del Mar Blanco, M., Colussi, S., Kotzamanidis, C., Prearo, M., Altinok, I., Acutis, P.L., Volpatti, D., Alba, P., Feltrin, F., Ianzano, A., Domínguez, L., & Fernández-Garayzábal, J.F. (2024). The association of Lactococcus petauri with lactococcosis is older than expected. Aquaculture, 578(July 2023), 740057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740057
CR  - Vendrell, D., Balcazar, J.L., Ruiz-Zarzuela, I., de Blas, I., Girones, O., & Muzquiz, J.L. (2006). Lactococcus garvieae in fish: A review. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2006.06.003
CR  - Wang, S., Yao, J., Zhou, B., Yang, J., Chaudry, M.T., Wang, M., Xiao, F., Li, Y., & Yin, W. (2018). Bacteriostatic effect of quercetin as an antibiotic alternative in vivo and its antibacterial mechanism in vitro. Journal of Food Protection, 81(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-214
CR  - Witeska, M., Kondera, E., & Bojarski, B. (2023). Hematological and hematopoietic analysis in fish toxicology—A review. Animals, 13(16), 2625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162625
CR  - Yan, X., Pan, L., Yu, J., Wang, S., Li, Y., Zhao, M., Zhai, X., Xue, Y., & Luo, L. (2024). Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, antioxidant capacity, intestinal and liver structure of juvenile giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). Frontiers in Marine Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1515014
 
Yilmaz, S., Kenanoğlu, O.N., Ergün, S., Çelik, E.Ş., Gürkan, M., Mehana, E.E., & Abdel-Latif, H.M.R. (2024). Immunological responses, expression of immune-related genes, and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets supplied with capsicum (Capsicum annuum) oleoresin. Animals, 14(23), 3402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233402
CR  - Zahran, E., El Sebaei, M.G., Awadin, W., Elbahnaswy, S., Risha, E., & Elseady, Y. (2020). Withania somnifera dietary supplementation improves lipid profile, intestinal histomorphology in healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and modulates cytokines response to Streptococcus infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 106(May), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.056
CR  - Zahran, E., Risha, E., Awadin, W., & Palić, D. (2018). Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos induces reversible changes in health parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquatic Toxicology, 197(February), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.02.001
CR  - Zhang, Y., Xiao, C., & Zhu, F. (2021). Effects of dietary quercetin on the innate immune response and resistance to white spot syndrome virus in Procambarus clarkii. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 118(July), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.012
CR  - Zhou, J., Feng, P., Li, Y., Ji, H., & Gisbert, E. (2024). Effects of dietary lipid levels on lipid accumulation and health status of adult Onychostoma macrolepis. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 9(5), 795–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2023.07.008
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3153/AR26012
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5541318
ER  -