TY  - JOUR
T1  - The role of Eleutherine palmifolia (Dayak Onion) as a natural  immunostimulant for enhancing fish disease resistance in aquaculture systems
AU  - Bagus Fahturohman, Adimas
AU  - Ansani Takwin, Bagus
AU  - Ristyaningrum, Wijayanti
AU  - Muna, Zakyatul
AU  - Feska, Stella
PY  - 2026
DA  - April
Y2  - 2026
DO  - 10.3153/AR26013
JF  - Aquatic Research
JO  - Aquat Res
PB  - Nuray ERKAN ÖZDEN
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2618-6365
SP  - 148
EP  - 165
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
LA  - en
AB  - The global food crisis, driven by population growth, climate change, and natural resource degradation, has intensified the need for efficient, affordable, and environmentally sustainable sources of animal protein. In aquaculture, this demand has accelerated the exploration of alternative feed ingredients and natural additives that enhance immune responses, suppress pathogens, and promote fish growth. Eleutherine palmifolia (Dayak onion), an endemic plant from Kalimantan, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its strong antibacterial activity and safety profile without chemical residues. Using a PRISMA-guided systematic review, this study synthesises current evidence on the phytochemical composition, immunological mechanisms, antibacterial activity, and application potential of E. palmifolia in sustainable aquaculture. The extract exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing TNF-α expression while reducing IL-β levels, thereby supporting a balanced immune response without excessive oxidative stress. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts effectively inhibit Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Vibrio cholerae. The plant’s secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, naphthoquinones, polyphenols, tannins, and saponins, demonstrate broad biological activities that improve fish health, growth, and disease resistance. Overall, E. palmifolia holds strong potential as an immunostimulant, antioxidant, and phytobiotic agent for environmentally friendly aquaculture practices.
KW  - Eleutherine palmifolia
KW  - Immunostimulant
KW  - Antibacterial activity
KW  - Fish health
KW  - Sustainable aquaculture
CR  - Abasubong, K.P., Adjoumani, J.J.Y., Jiang, G.Z., Liu, W. bin, Li, X.F., Cao, X.F., & Desouky, H.E. (2024). Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and its derivative (Glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acid) in finfish aquaculture: A review. In Aquaculture Reports, 39(2024), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102509
CR  - Affandi, R.I., Azhar, F., Scabra, A.R., Muahiddah, N., Dwiyanti, S., Saputra, M.A., Diniariwisan, D., Rahmadani, T.B.C., Asri, Y., & Setyono, B.D.H. (2025). Bioactive compounds identification of Octopus (Octopus Sp.) ink extract as candidates for aquaculture immunostimulants: A preliminary study. Bioflux, 18(1), 500-511.
CR  - Akbar, J. (2017). Efectivity test bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia Merr) extract in Saprolegnia sp. infection of Nile tilapia. Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, 1(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.20527/fs.v1i1.1179
CR  - Andriani, R.D., Sawitri, M.E., Widayanti, V.T., Manab, A., Rahayu, P.P., Prasasti, F., & Saleha, R.A. (2024). Physicochemical properties of yogurt synbiotic enriched with bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) extract. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 34(2), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2024.034.02.1
CR  - Annisa, R., Hendradi, E., & Yuwono, M. (2020). Analysis of 1,4 naphthoquinone in the Indonesian medical plant from extract Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr by UHPLC. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 456(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/456/1/012020
CR  - Arbain, D., Sriwahyuni, K., Susanti, D., & Taher, M. (2022). Genus Eleutherine: A review of its distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activities and their interchange names. South African Journal of Botany, 150, 731–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.08.022
CR  - Banu, M.S., Yadav, N.K., Saha, H., & Patel, A.B. (2025). Culinary spices as functional feed additives in aquaculture: Growth, immunity, and health perspectives. Comparative Immunology Reports, 9(2025), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirep.2025.200256
CR  - Boran, H., Çiftci, C., Er, A., Köse, Ö., Kurtoğlu, İ.Z., & Kayış, Ş. (2015). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seeds against some fish pathogens in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_1_06
CR  - Chabib, L., Muhtadi, W.K., Rizki, M.I., Rahman, R.A., Suhendri, M.R., & Hidayat, A. (2018). Potential medicinal plants for improve the immune system from Borneo Island and the prospect to be developed as nanomedicine. MATEC Web of Conferences, 154(04006), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815404006
CR  - Chan, H.L., Cai, J., & Leung, P.S. (2024). Aquaculture production and diversification: What causes what? Aquaculture, 583(2024), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.740626
CR  - Citarasu, T. (2010). Herbal biomedicines: A new opportunity for aquaculture industry. In Aquaculture International 18(3), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-009-9253-7
CR  - FAO (2025). Global capture production. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture. [Cited Wednesday, November 12th 2025]. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/capture
CR  - Faramudhita, I. (2024). Effectiveness of Dayak garlic Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. for improving growth performance and health status of Nile fish. IPB University. https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/154030
CR  - Fauzi, A.R., Yuhana, M., Widanarni, Setiawati, M., & Afiff, U. (2024). Effect of Dayak onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) on the immune response and gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 16(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v16i1.44079
CR  - Firmino, J.P., Galindo-Villegas, J., Reyes-López, F.E., & Gisbert, E. (2021). Phytogenic bioactive compounds shape fish mucosal immunity. Frontiers in Immunology, 12(2021), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.695973
CR  - Fransira, I., Anggreini, A.F., Yanuhar, U., & Maftuch, M. (2019). Antibacterial activity of Dayak onion bulbs (Eleutherine palmifolia (L) Merr) ethanol fraction against Pseudomonas fluorescens and its secondary metabolite. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 6(2), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jels.2019.009.02.03
CR  - Fransira, I., Yanuhar, U., & Maftuch. (2023). The effect of Eleutherine palmifolia extract on the survival of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Jurnal Ilmiah Bahari Papadak, 4(4), 293–297.
CR  - Gadallah, A.O., Kaya, D., Gürler, A., & Genç, E. (2024). Effective herbal therapeutics against the protozoan parasites in aquaculture. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.41.2.10
CR  - Gunawan, A., Zakir, M. I., Dharmawati, S., & Rasyidi, M. (2020). Influence of Dayak onion extract concentration (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) and length storage on weight decrease, Haugh unit, and albumen pH of duck egg. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(3), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.32734/injar.v2i3.2050
CR  - Haq, L., Nahzi, M.Y.I, & Erlita, I. (2018). Effectiveness of phenolic compounds extracted from Dayak onion bulbs (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) against root-knot nematodes. Dentin, 2(1), 7–12.
CR  - Harlita, T.D., & Aina, G.Q. (2023). The antibacterial activity of Dayak onion ethanol extract (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) and red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc var. rubrum) on growth GI tract pathogen bacteria. Jurnal Analis Medika Biosains, 10(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.32807/jambs.v10i1.299
CR  - Harlita, T.D., Oedjijono, & Asnani, A. (2018). The antibacterial activity of Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) merr) towards pathogenic bacteria. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 29(2), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2018.29.2.4
CR  - Hasim, H., Fauzana, N.A., Fatmawati, F., & Ahmadi, A. (2023). The effectiveness of Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) extracts for medicinal treatment of sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) infected with different doses of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophilla. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 5(2), 23–31.
CR  - Hidayah, R., Purwanti, S., & Jamilah, J. (2021). Anti-bacterial activity of Dayak onions extract (Eleutherine palmifolia) against Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 788(2021), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/788/1/012069
CR  - Hongthongkham, J., Srivarom, C., Joomdok, N., & Rattanasuk, S. (2025). In vitro propagation of Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.: Optimization of surface sterilization and effects of BA and NAA on shoot and root induction. The Scientific World Journal, 2025(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/tswj/2774274
CR  - Huang, S., Yeh, S.-F., & Hong, C. (1995). Effect of anthraquinone derivatives on lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria: Structure-activity relationship. Journal of Natura 58(9). https://doi.org/10.1021/np50123a005
CR  - Idenyi, J.N., Eya, J.C., Nwankwegu, A.S., & Nwoba, E.G. (2022). Aquaculture sustainability through alternative dietary ingredients: Microalgal value-added products. Engineering Microbiology, 2(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engmic.2022.100049
CR  - Islam, P., Hossain, M.I., Khatun, P., Masud, R.I., Tasnim, S., Anjum, M., Islam, M.Z., Nibir, S.S., Rafiq, K., & Islam, M.A. (2024). Steroid hormones in fish, caution for present and future: A review. Toxicology Reports, 13(2024), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101733
CR  - Izzah, A. N., Aprilia, M., Akbari, M. F. I., & Ramadhani, D. E. (2022). Onion Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia) as an antistress on the transportation of ornamental fish, Botia (Chrombotia macracanthus). Jurnal Kemaritiman: Indonesian Journal of Maritime, 3(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijom.v3i1.38985
CR  - Jumadi (2019). Use of Dayak onion extract (Eleutherine palmifolia) in windu shrimp (Penaeus monodon) infected with Vibrio harveyi bacteria in vivo. Universitas Borneo Tarakan. 1–44. https://repository.ubt.ac.id/repository/JUMADI_14101010044
CR  - Kamarudin, A.A., Sayuti, N.H., Saad, N., Asma, N., & Razak, A. (2021). Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. bulb: Review of the pharmacological activities and its prospects for application. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(13), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136747
CR  - Kanika, N.H., Liaqat, N., Chen, H., Ke, J., Lu, G., Wang, J., & Wang, C. (2025). Fish gut microbiome and its application in aquaculture and biological conservation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15(2024), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1521048
CR  - Kari, Z.A. (2025). Nutritional immunomodulation in aquaculture: Functional nutrients, stress resilience, and sustainable health strategies. Aquaculture International, 33(6), 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-025-02122-5
CR  - Khieokhajonkhet, A., Roatboonsongsri, T., Suwannalers, P., Aeksiri, N., Kaneko, G., Ratanasut, K., Inyawilert, W., & Phromkunthong, W. (2023). Effects of dietary supplementation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract on growth, feed and nutrient utilization, coloration, hematology, and expression of genes related immune response in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Aquaculture Reports, 32(2023), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101705
CR  - Liu, B., Ge, X., Xie, J., Xu, P., He, Y., Cui, Y., Ming, J., Zhou, Q., & Pan, L. (2012). Effects of anthraquinone extract from Rheum officinale Bail on the physiological responses and HSP70 gene expression of Megalobrama amblycephala under Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 32(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.015
CR  - Mabrouk, S.G., El-Nokrashy, A.M., Ebied, N.A., Abdella, B.H., Zayed, M.M., Aboleila, S.M., & Mohamed, R.A. (2025). A blend of natural phytobiotics enhances growth performance, feed efficiency, and the immuno-health status of fingerlings of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Open Veterinary Journal, 15(2), 746–764. https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i2.24
CR  - Maftuch, M., Suprastyani, H., Sanoesi, E., Farida, N., Fransira, I., Habibah, N., Fatmawati, D.R., Rinaldi, R., Nisyak, I.K., Ardiansyah, D., & Prihanto, A.A. (2018). Effect of Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L) Merr. crude extract on histopatology of gills, kidney, liver and muscle of Aeromonas hydrophila- infected carp (Cyprinus carpio). The Indonesian Green Technology Journal, 7(2), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.igtj.2018.007.02.01
CR  - Mahabusarakam, W., Hemtasin, C., Chakthong, S., Voravuthikunchai, S.P., & Olawumi, I.B. (2010). Naphthoquinones, anthraquinones and naphthalene derivatives from the bulbs of Eleutherine americana. Planta Medica, 76(4), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1186143
CR  - Maleki, S.J., Crespo, J.F., & Cabanillas, B. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids. In Food Chemistry, 299(2019), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125124
CR  - Masfria, M., & Tampubolon, M.S.A. (2019). The antifungal activity of n-hexane extract of Eleutherine palmifolia (L). Merr bulbs against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(22), 3777–3780. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.502
CR  - Miccoli, A., Manni, M., Picchietti, S., & Scapigliati, G. (2021). State-of-the-art vaccine research for aquaculture use: The case of three economically relevant fish species. In Vaccines, 9(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020140
CR  - Molino, S., Lerma-Aguilera, A., Jiménez-Hernández, N., Rufián Henares, J.Á., & Francino, M.P. (2022). Evaluation of the effects of a short supplementation with tannins on the gut microbiota of healthy subjects. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13(2022), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.848611
CR  - Moustafa, E.M., Dawood, M.A.O., Assar, D.H., Omar, A.A., Elbialy, Z.I., Farrag, F.A., Shukry, M., & Zayed, M.M. (2020). Modulatory effects of fenugreek seeds powder on the histopathology, oxidative status , and immune related gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 515(2020), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734589
CR  - Mukti, Y.P., Yusup, B., Dewi, A.D.R., & Kang, S.C. (2023). Fortification of Dayak onion extract (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.) to jelly drink as a functional food. Atlantis Press International B, 5(1), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-322-1_8
CR  - Munaeni, W., Muchdar, F., & Aris, M. (2021). Role of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. In shrimp and fish: A mini review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 890(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/890/1/012041
CR  - Muti’ah, R., Listiyana, A., Nafisa, B. B., & Suryadinata, A. (2020). Study of the effects of Dayak onion bulb extract (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) as an anticancer agent. Journal of Islamic Pharmacy, 5(2), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.18860/jip.v5i2.9778
CR  - Mutiah, R., Sari, R.A., Firsyaradha, W.Y., Listiyana, A., Ari Indrawijaya, YY., Wafi, A., Suryadinata, A., Susilowati, R., & Rahmawati, A. (2020). Activity and toxicity of Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. extract on BALB/c mice colitis-associated colon cancer model. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 21(12). 3579–3586. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.12.3579
CR  - Nur, A.F., Fauzana, N.A., & Fatmawati (2020). Study of variation of natural ingredients turmeric extract (Curcuma domestica) and Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) on the treatment of infected sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) catfish Aeromonas hydrophilla bacteria. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch, 5(1), 9–35. https://doi.org/10.35410/IJAEB.2020.5457
CR  - Özil, Ö. (2023). Antiparasitic activity of medicinal plants against protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 75(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.83257
CR  - Patil, P.K., Geetha, R., Mishra, S.S., Abraham, T.J., Solanki, H G., Krupesha Sharma, S.R., Pradhan, P.K., Manna, S.K., Avunje, S., Abhinaya, D., Felix, K.T., Vinay, T.N., Paniprasad, K., Paria, A., Raja, S. A., Saraswathy, R., Sahoo, S.N., Rathod, R., Rameshkumar, P., Jena, J.K. (2025). Unveiling the economic burden of diseases in aquatic animal food production in India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9(2025), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1480094
CR  - Phaik Sim, O., Abdul Rasid, R., Hardy Abu Daud, N., David, D., Abdul Haya, B., Saibeh, K., James Silip, J., Rahman Milan, A., & Razak Alimon, A. (2019). Preliminary investigation on the chemical composition of local medicinal herbs (Curcuma longa L., Persicaria odorata L. and Eleutherine palmifolia L.) as potential layer feed additives for the production of healthy eggs. Transactions on Science and Technology, 6(2), 221–227.
CR  - Pudota, B.A., Tambireddy, N., Chennu, R., Chethurajupalli, L., Shaik, H., Nadella, R.K., Chatterjee, N.S., & Paturi, A.P. (2025). Exploring the perspectives of phytobiotics and their role in aquaculture: Present status and future trends. Microbe, 8, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microb.2025.100496
CR  - Qu, B., Xiao, Z., Upadhyay, A., & Luo, Y. (2024). Perspectives on sustainable food production system: Characteristics and green technologies. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 15, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.100988
CR  - Qureshi, M. A., & Javed, S. (2022). Investigating binding dynamics of trans resveratrol to HSA for an efficient displacement of aflatoxin B1 using spectroscopy and molecular simulation. Scientific Reports. 12(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06375-5
CR  - Rahayu, S., Amoah, K., Huang, Y., Cai, J., Wang, B., Shija, V.M., Jin, X., Anokyewaa, M.A., & Jiang, M. (2024). Probiotics application in aquaculture: Its potential effects, current status in China and future prospects. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1455905
CR  - Reverter, M., Bontemps, N., Lecchini, D., Banaigs, B., & Sasal, P. (2014). Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives. Aquaculture. 433, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.05.048
CR  - Rezaei, O., Mehrgan, M.S., & Paknejad, H. (2022). Dietary garlic (Allium sativum) powder improved zootechnical performance, digestive enzymes activity, and innate immunity in narrow-clawed crayfish (Postantacus leptodactylus). Aquaculture Reports, 24, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101129
CR  - Rosidi, A., Soesanto, E., Sulistyowati, E., & Yonata, D. (2025). A new approach in preparing curcumin microca-psules from temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) extract as a Source of natural antioxidants for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 13, 124–140. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.13.Special-Issue-July.08
CR  - Safratilofa, & Sugihartono, M. (2018). Antibacterial activity test of Eleutherine palmifolia forest onions using different extraction methods against the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Jurnal Akuakultur Sungai Dan Danau, 3(2), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.33087/akuakultur.v3i2.36
CR  - Sahakyan, N. (2025). Plant-derived phenolics as regulators of nitric oxide production in microglia: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Medical Gas Research, 16(2). 169–175. https://doi.org/10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-25-00058
CR  - Said, Z., Vigneshwaran, P., Shaik, S., Rauf, A., & Ahmad, Z. (2025). Climate and carbon policy pathways for sustainable food systems. In Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 27, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2025.100730
CR  - Salomón, R., Furones, M.D., Reyes-López, F.E., Tort, L., Firmino, J.P., Esteban, M.A., Espinosa Ruíz, C., Quintela, J.C., Pinilla-Rosas, J.M., Vallejos-Vidal, E., & Gisbert, E. (2021). A bioactive extract rich in triterpenic acid and polyphenols from olea europaea promotes systemic immunity and protects atlantic salmon smolts against furunculosis. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.737601
CR  - Saputra, Y.A., Mangisah, I., & Sukamto, B. (2016). The effect of adding onion skin flour on the digestibility of crude protein in feed, body weight gain and carcass percentage of Mojosari ducks. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 26(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2016.026.01.5
CR  - Sirajuddin, M.M. ie, Rusman, R., Widodo, W., & Suryanto, E. (2025). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Dayak onion extract (Eleutherine palmifolia L.) against pathogenic Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 13(7), 1517–1524. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2025/13.7.1517.1524
CR  - Subhashreedevasena, S., Padmavathy, P., Manimekalai, D., & Rani, V. (2022). Carbon footprint in aquaculture: A review. Quest Journals Journal of Research in Environmental and Earth Sciences, 8(7). 64–73.
CR  - Supomo, Syamsul, E.S., Apriliana, A., Saleh, C., Erwin, & Lestari, D. (2019). Antioxidant assay of Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) via DPPH (1,1-difenil-2 pikrilhidrazil) and BSLT test for its active fraction. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 12(3), 1340–1346. https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2019.1235264
CR  - Susilowati, R., & Setiawan, A.M. (2020). Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume and Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. extract combination ameliorate lipid profile and heart oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic mice. Veterinary World, 13(7), 1404–1409. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1404-1409
CR  - Van Doan, H., Prakash, P., Hoseinifar, S.H., Ringø, E., El-Haroun, E., Faggio, C., Olsen, R.E., Tran, H.Q., Stejskal, V., Abdel-Latif, H.M.R., & Dawood, M.A.O. (2023). Marine-derived products as functional feed additives in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture Reports, 31, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101679
CR  - Wahdaningsih, S., Untari, E.K., Rizkifani, S., Rinaldi, W., Lestari, D.M., Ibah, F.A., & Aulia, Y.H. (2024). Clinical trial of bawang Dayak leaves capsules (Eleutherine americana) in active smokers. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 29(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.86496
CR  - Wang, Y., Wu, J., Li, L., Yao, Y., Chen, C., Hong, Y., Chai, Y., & Liu, W. (2024). Effects of tannic acid supplementation of a high-carbohydrate diet on the growth, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, and liver and intestinal health of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6682798
CR  - Warsiti, Dwi, S., Wardani, K., Ramadhan, A.A., &  Yuliani, R. (2018). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr against bacteria Staphy-lococcus aureus. 15(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v15i2.6526
CR  - Xie, J., Liu, B., Zhou, Q., Su, Y., He, Y., Pan, L., Ge, X., & Xu, P. (2008). Effects of anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale Bail on the crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio var. Jian. Aquaculture, 281(4), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.038
CR  - Ysrafil, Y., Sapiun, Z., Slamet, N.S., Mohamad, F., Hartati, H., Damiti, S.A., Alexandra, F. D., Rahman, S., Masyeni, S., Harapan, H., Mamada, S.S., Bin Emran, T., Nainu, F., Kesehatan, K.K., & Raya, P. (2023). Anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoid derivates. ADMET & DMPK, 11(3), 331–359. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.1918
CR  - Yuanita, I., Silitonga, L., & Suthama, N. (2023). Evaluation of health status in broilers fed with a mixture of Dayak onion extract and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 10(2), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j678
CR  - Zhang, M., Yang, Q., Shi, R., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Li, W., Chen, S., & Wang, N. (2022). Effects of long-term sex steroid hormones (estradiol and testosterone) supplemented feeds on the growth performance of Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 48(5), 1365–1375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01125-w
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3153/AR26013
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5541765
ER  -