TY - JOUR T1 - Parental involvement and dual career competency in adolescent athletes: A motivation-based model TT - Ergen sporcularda ebeveyn katılımı ve çift kariyer yetkinliği: Güdülenme temelli bir model AU - Sarı, Serkan Volkan AU - Çakır, Gökhan AU - Pamac, Seher PY - 2026 DA - July Y2 - 2026 DO - 10.19128/turje.1867596 JF - Turkish Journal of Education JO - TURJE PB - Mehmet TEKEREK WT - DergiPark SN - 2147-2858 SP - 224 EP - 246 VL - 15 IS - 3 LA - en AB - This study examined the impact of parental involvement on adolescent athletes’ dual career competency and the mediating role of motivational dimensions based on Self-Determination Theory. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 489 licensed athletes aged 12-18 years participating in individual and team sports in Rize, Türkiye. Participants completed measures of parental involvement, sport motivation, and dual career competency. Structural equation modeling tested direct and indirect relationships, while confirmatory factor analyses supported acceptable model fit for all measures. Supportive parental behavior and role modeling positively predicted intrinsic motivation, whereas directive behavior predicted identified regulation. Pressuring and controlling behavior was positively associated with amotivation. Intrinsic motivation positively predicted time management and self-regulation, identified regulation predicted academic-athletic balance, and amotivation negatively predicted time management. Mediation analyses showed that motivational dimensions partially mediated the relationships between parental involvement dimensions and dual career competency dimensions. Overall, the findings demonstrate that supportive parental involvement and adaptive motivational profiles contribute to adolescent athletes’ academic and athletic development. KW - Adolescent athletes KW - Dual career competency KW - Parental involvement KW - Sport motivation N2 - Bu çalışma, ebeveyn katılımının ergen sporcuların çift kariyer yeterlikleri üzerindeki etkisini ve motivasyon boyutlarının bu ilişkideki aracılık rolünü Öz-Belirleme Kuramı temelinde incelemiştir. Nicel ve kesitsel araştırma deseninde, Türkiye’nin Rize ilinde bireysel ve takım sporlarıyla uğraşan 12–18 yaşlarındaki 489 lisanslı sporcudan veri toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar ebeveyn katılımı, spor motivasyonu ve çift kariyer yeterliği ölçeklerini doldurmuştur. Doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkiler Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi ile test edilmiş, doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ölçme araçlarının kabul edilebilir uyum değerlerine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgular, destekleyici ebeveyn davranışları ile rol model olmanın içsel motivasyonu, yönlendirici davranışların ise özdeşimlenmiş düzenlemeyi pozitif yönde yordadığını göstermiştir. Baskıcı ve kontrol edici davranışlar amotivasyonla pozitif ilişkilidir. İçsel motivasyon zaman yönetimi ve öz düzenlemeyi, özdeşimlenmiş düzenleme akademik-spor dengesini pozitif yönde yordarken, amotivasyon zaman yönetimini negatif yönde yordamıştır. Ayrıca motivasyon boyutlarının, ebeveyn katılımı ile çift kariyer yeterliği arasındaki ilişkilerde kısmi aracılık rolü üstlendiği belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, nitelikli ebeveyn katılımının ergen sporcuların akademik ve sportif gelişimini desteklediğini göstermektedir. CR - Aalto, E. P., Pons, J., Alcaraz, S., Zamora‐Solé, R., & Ramis, Y. (2024). Psychological and social factors associated with mental health of European dual career athletes: A systematic review. European Journal of Sport Science, 24(12), 1844-1864. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12218 CR - Adams, K. G. (2018). Finding the balance between academic and sport motivation: A study of NCAA Division I student-athletes (Publication No: 13421604) [Doctoral dissertation,  Grand Canyon University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. CR - Amorose, A. J., Anderson-Butcher, D., Newman, T. J., Fraina, M., & Iachini, A. (2016). High school athletes’ self-determined motivation: The independent and interactive effects of coach, father, and mother autonomy support. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.05.005 CR - Aquilina, D. (2016). A study of the relationship between elite athletes' educational development and sporting performance. In Delivering Olympic and elite sport in a cross cultural context (pp. 37-55). Routledge. CR - Aydın, C., Şahan, M. D., Yüksel, E., & Güneş, B. (2024). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin akademik hayat ve spora katılımı: Ebeveyn görüşleri üzerine nitel bir araştırma [Middle school students' academic life and sport participation: A qualitative study based on parents' perspectives]. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 48–63. CR - Bakır, V., & Büyükgöze-Kavas, A. (2021). Çocukların kariyer gelişiminde ebeveyn desteği ve sosyo-demografik özelliklerin rolü [The role of parental support and sociodemographic characteristics in children's career development]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 51, 119–136. CR - Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall. CR - Bhalla, J. A., & Weiss, M. R. (2010). A cross-cultural perspective of parental influence on female adolescents' achievement beliefs and behaviors in sport and school domains. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(4), 494-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599711 CR - Choi, J. (2022). Academic and athletic motivation of collegiate athletes and their career transition plans: A mixed-method approach (Publication No: 29215124) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of New Mexico]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. CR - Condello G, Capranica L, Doupona M, Varga K, Burk V (2019) Dual-career through the elite university student-athletes’ lenses: The international FISU-EAS survey. PLoS ONE 14(10): e0223278. CR - Cremades, J. G., Donlon, C. J., & Poczwardowski, A. (2013). Parental involvement and gender differences in the psychological profile of freshmen collegiate athletes. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2(3), 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2012.05.001 CR - Damas, R. R., & Kurniawati, F. (2025). Parental Involvement on Career Decision-Making among Students in Collectivist Cultures: A Systematic Literature Review on High School and Undergraduate Students in Asian Countries. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian dan Kajian Kepustakaan di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran, dan Pembelajaran, 11(1), 87-99. CR - De Brandt, K., Wylleman, P., Torregrossa, M., Defruyt, S., & Van Rossem, N. (2017). Student-athletes’ perceptions of dual career competencies and challenges. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 28, 1–10. CR - Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01 CR - Demir, H. (2022). Validity and reliability of the sport motivation scale: A Turkish adaptation study. Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 20(4), 56–68. CR - Dietrich, J., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2013). Parental involvement and adolescents' career goal pursuit during the post- school transition. Journal of Adolescence, 36(1), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.10.009 CR - Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Wilson, S. R., & McDonough, M. H. (2015). Parent goals and verbal sideline behavior in organized youth sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000025 CR - Elmas, A. G., İbanoğlu, E., Özgör, N., & Aşçı, F. H. (2024). Validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 29(3), 168–179. CR - Fernandes, A., Moreira, L., & Gonçalves, C. (2019). Student-athletes identity and motivation towards dual career: the context matters. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 25(2), 15-29. CR - Fuentes, M. C., García-Ros, R., Pérez-González, F., & Sancerni, M. D. (2019). Effects of parenting styles on self-regulated learning and academic stress in Spanish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152778 CR - Gao, Z., Chee, C. S., Norjali Wazir, M. R. W., Wang, J., et al. (2024). The role of parents in the motivation of young athletes: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1298456. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1291711 CR - Garcia-Ros, R., Perez-Gonzalez, F., Tomás, J. M., & Sancho, P. (2023). Effects of self-regulated learning and procrastination on academic stress, subjective well-being, and academic achievement in secondary education. Current Psychology, 42(30), 26602-26616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03759-8 CR - Godfrey, M., & Eys, M. (2020). Parental involvement in the transmission and development of youth athletes’ role responsibilities. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 4(3), 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/24711616.2019.1633707 CR - González-García, H., Martínez-Martínez, F. D., & Pelegrín, A. (2023). Gender differences in parental educational styles in athletes: Competition level and sport success. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(3), 728-736. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221087205 CR - Gökbaraz, N. (2021). Birey-ebeveyn kariyer hedefi tutarsızlığı ölçeği: Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencileri örneği [Individual–parent career goal discrepancy scale: The case of faculty of sport sciences students] (Unpublished master's thesis). Pamukkale University. CR - Graczyk, M., Wylleman, P. I., Nawrocka, A., Atroszko, P. A., Moska, W., Tomiak, T., & Krzysztofiak, H. (2017). The importance of the type of sport and life experience in the dual career in elite sport based on the analysis of Poland. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 9(4), 11. https://doi.org/10.29359/BJHPA.09.4.11 CR - Grolnick, W. S. (2009). The role of parents in facilitating autonomous self-regulation for education. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104321 CR - Grolnick, W. S., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2009). Issues and challenges in studying parental control: Toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3(3), 165–170. CR - Hallmann, K., Breuer, C., & Mohr, J. (2024). Elite athletes’ perceived dual career competencies and their effectiveness. European Sport Management Quarterly, 24(5), 1131-1151. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2023.2263859 CR - Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 CR - Hart, K., Madrigal, L., & Ede, A. (2025). The dual demands of college student-athletes: A qualitative exploration of contributors and barriers to academic and athletic success. Journal of Athlete Development and Experience, 7(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.25035/jade.07.01.02 CR - Harwood, C. G., & Knight, C. J. (2015). Parenting in youth sport: A position paper on parenting expertise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.001 CR - Harwood, C. G., Knight, C. J., Thrower, S. N., & Berrow, S. R. (2019). Advancing the study of parental involvement to optimise the psychosocial development and experiences of young athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.007 CR - Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. CR - Jiang, X., & Wang, K. (2025). Exploring relationships between identities, dual career competency, and burnout among young talented athletes. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02341-0 CR - Jordalen, G., Lemyre, P. N., & Durand-Bush, N. (2020). Interplay of motivation and self-regulation throughout the development of elite athletes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 12(3), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1585388 CR - Kagitcibasi, C. (2017). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications. Routledge. CR - Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. CR - Knight, C. J., Harwood, C. G., & Sellars, P. A. (2018). Supporting adolescent athletes’ dual careers: The role of an athlete’s social support network. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.007 CR - Koçak, F., Sönmez, B. Y., & Doğusan, S. N. (2023). Türkiye'de Çift Kariyer Yolunda Öğrenci Sporcular: Eğitim mi Spor mu İkilemi?. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, 8(2), 243-263. CR - Kovács, K., Oláh, Á. J., & Pusztai, G. (2024). The role of parental involvement in academic and sports achievement. Heliyon, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24290 CR - Kuokkanen, J., Saarinen, M., Romar, J. E., & De Brandt, K. (2025). “I can join a sport class, but school has to come first”: adolescent athletes’ dual career construction styles in lower secondary sport schools. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23(7), 1189-1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2024.2383956 CR - Lau, P. W., Cheung, M. W., & Ransdell, L. (2007). Sport identity and sport participation: A cultural comparison between collective and individualistic societies. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(1), 66-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671813 CR - Lienhart, N., & Nicaise, V. (2022). The gap between athletes’ and parents’ perceptions of parental practices: The role of gender. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63, 102296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102296 CR - Lienhart, N., Nicaise, V., Martinent, G., & Guillet-Descas, E. (2020). Perceived parental behaviours and motivational processes among adolescent athletes in intensive training centres: A profile approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 49, 101708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101708 CR - Lienhart, N., Nicaise, V., Martinent, G., Guillet-Descas, E., & Bois, J. (2019). Relationships between elite adolescent athletes' perceptions of parental behaviors and their motivational processes: Does sex matter?. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 14(5), 639-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954119873988 CR - Linnér, L., Stambulova, N., & Henriksen, K. (2022). Facilitating student-athletes’ dual career transition: A Scandinavian university case study. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 11(2), 107. CR - Liu, C., Zhao, F., Nong, S., & Lin, Z. (2024). Being a right parent: A narrative review of the theory and practice of parental involvement in sport parenting. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1279432. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412708 CR - López-Flores, M., Hong, H. J., & Botwina, G. (2021). Dual career of junior athletes: Identifying challenges, available resources, and roles of social support providers. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 16(47), 117-129. CR - Lupo, C., Guidotti, F., Goncalves, C. E., Moreira, L., Doupona Topic, M., Bellardini, H., Tonkonogi, M., Colin, A., & Capranica, L. (2015). Motivation towards dual career of European student‐athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(2), 151-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.940557 CR - Lupo, C., Tessitore, A., Capranica, L., & Rauter, S. (2012). Motivation for a dual-career: Italian and Slovenian student athletes. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 18(3), 47-56. CR - Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach–athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(11), 883–904. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140374 CR - Mallett, C., Kawabata, M., Newcombe, P., Otero-Forero, A., & Jackson, S. (2007). Sport motivation scale-6 (SMS-6): A revised six-factor sport motivation scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 600-614. CR - Moraes, M. G. (2022). Motivation and perception of parental support: A study with young athletes of individual and team sports. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, (45), 671-678. CR - Morais, C., Gomes, A. R., Teixeira, M., & Branco, C. (2025). Athletes' perspective on parental involvement, motivation, and performance throughout a football season. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 25(3), 527-538. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2025.03058 CR - Morbée, S., Waterschoot, J., De Muynck, G. J., Haerens, L., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2023). Identifying profiles of parental (de)motivating behaviors in youth sports: A multi-informant approach. Motivation and Emotion, 47, 873–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-023-10040-3 CR - Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Silk, J. S., Houltberg, B. J., & Bohlin, M. (2017). The impact of parenting on emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 11(4), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12238 CR - Muhcı, Ö. (2023). Genç yetişkinlerin algıladığı ebeveyn tutumları ve öznel iyi oluşları ile kariyer uyumluluğu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between perceived parental attitudes, subjective well-being, and career adaptability among young adults] (Unpublished master's thesis). Bartın University. CR - Niehues, M. (2023). Motivation and performances of student-athletes in dual careers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universität Hamburg. CR - Nikander, A. (2022). Adolescent student-athletes’ dual career adaptability: The role of individual and environmental factors (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Jyväskylä. CR - Nikander, J. A. O., Ronkainen, N. J., Korhonen, N., Saarinen, M., & Ryba, T. V. (2022). From athletic talent development to dual career development? A case study in a Finnish high performance sports environment. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(1), 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1854822 CR - Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y. Y., Prestwich, A., Quested, E., Hancox, J. E., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Lonsdale, C., & Williams, G. C. (2021). A meta-analysis of self-determination theory–informed intervention studies in the health domain. Health Psychology Review, 15(2), 214–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1718529 CR - O’Neil, L., & Amorose, A. J. (2021). Autonomy support and control within mother–father parenting structures: A person-centered approach in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101854 CR - O’rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2014). Relations of parent-and coach-initiated motivational climates to young athletes’ self-esteem, performance anxiety, and autonomous motivation: who is more influential?. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(4), 395-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2014.907838 CR - Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002 CR - Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 CR - Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press. CR - Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001 CR - Sorkkila, M., Ryba, T. V., Selänne, H., & Aunola, K. (2020). Development of school and sport burnout in adolescent student‐athletes: A longitudinal mixed‐methods study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30, 115-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12453 CR - Stambulova, N. B., & Wylleman, P. (2019). Psychology of athletes’ dual careers: A state-of-the-art critical review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.11.013 CR - Stambulova, N. B., Engström, C., Franck, A., Linnér, L., & Lindahl, K. (2015). Searching for an optimal balance: Dual career experiences of Swedish adolescent athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 21, 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.009 CR - Teques, P., Serpa, S., Rosado, A., Silva, C. ve Calmeiro, L. (2016). Parental involvement in sport: Psychometric development and empirical test of a theoretical model. Current Psychology, 37(1), 234- 249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9507-2 CR - Tessitore, A., Capranica, L., Pesce, C., De Bois, N., & Guidotti, F. (2021). Parents about parenting dual career athletes: A systematic literature review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 53, 101833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101833 CR - Thompson, F., Rongen, F., Cowburn, I., & Till, K. (2022). The impacts of sports schools on holistic athlete development: A mixed methods systematic review. Sports Medicine, 52(8), 1879–1917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01664-5 CR - Turman, P. D. (2007). Parental sport involvement: Parental influence to encourage young athlete continued sport participation. Journal of Family Communication, 7(3), 151-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430701221602 CR - Wuerth, S., Lee, M. J., & Alfermann, D. (2004). Parental involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00047-X CR - Wylleman, P., Reints, A., & De Knop, P. (2013). A developmental and holistic perspective on athletic career development. In Managing high performance sport (pp. 159-182). Routledge. CR - Yılmaz, C. Y. (2021). Adaptation of dual career scale to Turkish in the elite athletes. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 9(1), 1-16. UR - https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.1867596 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5622658 ER -