TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ölçek Uyarlama Araştırmalarında Metodolojik Çerçeve: Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik için Sistematik Bir Değerlendirme Rehberi
TT  - Methodological Framework in Scale Adaptation Studies: Linguistic/Cultural Validity, Construct Validity, and Psychometric Evaluation
AU  - Ağır, Gizem
AU  - Yılmaz, Salim
AU  - Öngün Yılmaz, Hande
AU  - Arslan, Sedat
AU  - Söyük, Selma
PY  - 2026
DA  - April
Y2  - 2026
DO  - 10.59372/turajas.1895326
JF  - Turkish Research Journal of Academic Social Science
JO  - TURAJAS
PB  - Hüdaverdi BİRCAN
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2667-4491
SP  - 83
EP  - 106
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
LA  - tr
AB  - Farklı dil ve kültürlerde geliştirilmiş ölçeklerin başka bir kültüre aktarılması, basit bir dil çevirisinin ötesinde sistematik ve çok aşamalı bir süreç gerektirmektedir. Bu derleme çalışma, ölçek uyarlama sürecinin tüm aşamalarını kapsayan bütüncül bir metodolojik çerçeve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada uyarlama süreci iki temel kısımda ele alınmıştır. Birinci kısım, dil/kültürel geçerlik sürecini sekiz aşamalı bir model çerçevesinde incelemektedir: izin ve hazırlık, ileri çeviri, çevirilerin sentezi, geri çeviri, uzman komitesi değerlendirmesi, ön test, test-tekrar test güvenirliği ve ana uygulamaya geçiş kararı. Uzman komitesi değerlendirmesinde Kapsam Geçerlik Oranı, Kapsam Geçerlik İndeksi, Modifiye Kappa istatistiği ve Fleiss’ Kappa gibi nicel göstergeler sunulmuştur. Zamansal tutarlılık yerine tekrar test güvenilirliği kullanımı önerilmektedir. İkinci kısım, yapı geçerliği ve psikometrik değerlendirme sürecini ele almaktadır. Keşifsel yaklaşım (madde analizi ve açıklayıcı faktör analizi kısımları) belirli koşullarda uygulanması önerilen bir aşama olarak konumlandırılırken, doğrulayıcı yaklaşımlar (özellikle doğrulayıcı faktör analizi) orijinal yapının hedef kültürde sınanması açısından birincil ve zorunlu aşama olarak sunulmaktadır. Doğrulayıcı aşamada standart Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA), ikinci düzey model, bifaktör model ve Keşifsel Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (ESEM)/Bifaktör-ESEM olmak üzere dört model temsili sistematik bir karşılaştırma çerçevesinde tartışılmaktadır. Tahmin yöntemi seçim kriterleri, model uyum indeksleri, iç tutarlılık katsayıları ve bifaktör model indeksleri ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Yakınsak geçerlik, ayırt edici geçerlik, ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik ve bilinen gruplar geçerliği ek kanıt türleri olarak sunulmaktadır. Son olarak ölçüm değişmezliği analizi yapısal, metrik, skalar ve katı değişmezlik düzeylerinde ampirik olarak türetilmiş uyum indeksi değişim kriterleriyle birlikte ele alınmaktadır. Her aşama için örneklem büyüklüğü gereksinimleri, istatistiksel yöntem seçim kriterleri ve karar eşikleri güncel alan yazın sentezine dayalı olarak sunulmuştur. Çalışma, araştırmacılara ölçek uyarlama sürecinde metodolojik tutarlılık ve raporlama standardizasyonu sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.
KW  - Ölçek uyarlama
KW  - kültürlerarası uyarlama
KW  - dil geçerliği
KW  - doğrulayıcı faktör analizi
KW  - keşifsel yapısal eşitlik modellemesi
N2  - The adaptation of scales developed in different languages and cultures to another culture requires a systematic, multi-stage process that goes far beyond simple linguistic translation. This review study aims to present a comprehensive methodological framework covering all stages of the scale adaptation process. The adaptation process is addressed in two main parts. The first part examines the linguistic/cultural validity process within an eight-stage model: obtaining permission and preparation, forward translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, expert committee evaluation, pretest, test-retest reliability, and the decision to proceed to the main application. Quantitative indicators including Content Validity Ratio, Content Validity Index, Modified Kappa statistic, and Fleiss' Kappa are presented for expert committee evaluation. The use of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient rather than Pearson correlation is recommended for assessing test-retest reliability. The second part addresses construct validity and psychometric evaluation. The exploratory approach (item analysis and exploratory factor analysis) is positioned as a recommended stage under certain conditions, while confirmatory approaches (particularly confirmatory factor analysis) are presented as the primary and essential stage for testing the original structure in the target culture. Four model representations—standard Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), second-order model, bifactor model, and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM)/Bifactor-ESEM—are discussed within a systematic comparison framework. Estimation method selection criteria, model fit indices, internal consistency coefficients, and bifactor model indices are detailed. Convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, and known-groups validity are presented as supplementary evidence. Finally, measurement invariance analysis is addressed through configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance levels with empirically derived fit index change criteria. For each stage, sample size requirements, statistical method selection criteria, and decision thresholds are presented based on a synthesis of the current literature. The study aims to provide researchers with methodological consistency and reporting standardization throughout the scale adaptation process.
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UR  - https://doi.org/10.59372/turajas.1895326
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5746829
ER  -