TY  - JOUR
T1  - Yapay Zekâ Sosyolojisi: Algoritmik Karar Sistemlerinin “Görünmez İktidar” Üretme Biçimleri
TT  - Sociology of Artificial Intelligence: The Ways in Which Algorithmic Decision Systems Produce “Invisible Power”
AU  - Akbaş, Arif
PY  - 2026
DA  - July
Y2  - 2026
JF  - Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
JO  - CUJOSS
PB  - Sivas Cumhuriyet University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1305-5143
SP  - 141
EP  - 154
VL  - 50
IS  - 2
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu çalışma, yapay zekâ temelli algoritmik karar sistemlerinin toplumsal ilişkiler ağı içinde iktidar üretme süreçlerini sosyolojik bir çerçevede kapsamlı biçimde analiz etmektedir. Araştırma, algoritmaların veri işleme kapasitesi üzerinden toplumsal düzen, kurumsal işleyiş ve gündelik pratiklere nasıl yön verdiğini açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, dijital platformlar, kamu politikaları ve çeşitli uygulama örnekleri üzerinden nitel içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak çok katmanlı bir inceleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, algoritmik sistemlerin karar mekanizmalarına nüfuz eden yapılar kurarak görünürlüğü sınırlı kalan iktidar ilişkileri oluşturduğunu ve bu ilişkilerin toplumsal stratifikasyon, fırsat dağılımı ve erişim süreçleri üzerinde etkili bir konum kazandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, teknik altyapı ile toplumsal dinamikler arasındaki etkileşimi detaylı biçimde ele alarak algoritmaların kültürel, ekonomik ve politik alanlarda etkinlik kazandığını göstermektedir. Analizler, veri temelli yönetim pratiklerinin kurumsal rasyonaliteyi güçlendirdiğine ve karar süreçlerine istikrar kazandırdığına işaret etmektedir. Araştırma, algoritmik iktidarın kavramsallaştırılmasına katkı sunarak yapay zekâ sosyolojisi literatürüne özgün bir teorik yaklaşım geliştirmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, etik sorumluluk, şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik ilkeleri çerçevesinde ele alınan yeni bir analitik perspektif önererek disiplinler arası tartışmalar için güçlü bir kavramsal zemin oluşturmaktadır.
KW  - Yapay zekâ sosyolojisi
KW  - Algoritmik iktidar
KW  - Algoritmik karar sistemleri
KW  - Görünmez iktidar
KW  - Veri temelli yönetişim
N2  - This study provides a comprehensive sociological analysis of how artificial intelligence-based algorithmic decision systems generate power within networks of social relations. The research aims to explain how algorithms shape social order, institutional functioning, and everyday practices through their data processing capacities. In this context, a multi-layered examination is conducted using a qualitative content analysis of digital platforms, public policies, and various case examples. The findings reveal that algorithmic systems establish structures that penetrate decision-making mechanisms and generate power relations with limited visibility, gaining an influential position in processes of social stratification, opportunity distribution, and access. The study demonstrates that algorithms gain effectiveness in cultural, economic, and political domains by thoroughly analysing the interaction between technical infrastructure and social dynamics. The analyses indicate that data-driven governance practices strengthen institutional rationality and enhance stability in decision-making processes. The research contributes to the conceptualization of algorithmic power and develops an original theoretical approach within the sociology of artificial intelligence literature. In this context, the study proposes a new analytical perspective grounded in the principles of ethical responsibility, transparency, and accountability, thereby providing a strong conceptual basis for interdisciplinary discussions.
CR  - AIML API. (2026, June 17). Top AI models by use case 2026. https://aimlapi.com/blog/top-ai-models-by-use-case-2026 (Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Airoldi, M. (2021). Machine habitus: Toward a sociology of algorithms. Polity Press.
CR  - Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., & Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias: There’s software used across the country to predict future criminals. ProPublica.
CR  - Artificial Analysis. (2026). AI model & API providers analysis. https://artificialanalysis.ai/
CR  - (Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Backer, L. C. (2019). China’s social credit system: Data-driven governance for a “new era”. Current History, 118 (809), 209–214.
CR  - Backer, L. C. (2024). Social Credit “in” or “as” the Cage of Regulation of Socialist Legality. China Review, 24(3), 71–106.
CR  - Barrett, B. (2022, July 18). Over 90 percent of businesses report surge in automation demand. ERP Today. https://erp.today/91-percent-of-organizations-report-surge-in-automation-demand/ (Erişim tarihi: 17 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Bauman, Z. (2023). Akışkan modernite (S. O. Demir, Çev.). Can Yayınları.
CR  - Bax, T. (2025). Rise of the algopticon: The algoptic gaze in the age of algorithmic governance and surveillance capitalism. AI & Society, 41(1), 415–427.
CR  - Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. Free Press.
CR  - Beer, D. (2017). The social power of algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 1–13.
CR  - Bouchrika, I. (2026, May 11). AI, automation, and the future of public safety degree careers. Research.com. https://research.com/advice/ai-automation-and-the-future-of-public-safety-degree-careers (Erişim tarihi: 16 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press.
CR  - Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford University Press.
CR  - Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Harvard University Press.
CR  - Boyd, D. (2014). It’s complicated: The social lives of networked teens. Yale University Press.
CR  - Boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662–679.
CR  - Bridgeforce. (2026, February 25). AI in financial services: From hype to practical results. https://bridgeforce.com/insights/ai-in-financial-services-from-hype-to-practical-results/ (Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Bucher, T. (2018). If...then: Algorithmic power and politics. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Build Fast with AI. (2026, May 9). Best AI models May 2026: Winners, losers & full comparison. https://www.buildfastwithai.com/blogs/best-ai-models-may-2026 
(Erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell.
CR  - Cheney-Lippold, J. (2017). We are data: Algorithms and the making of our digital selves. New York University Press.
CR  - Cialdini, R. B. (2009). Influence: Science and practice (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
CR  - Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). The costs of connection: How data is colonizing human life. Stanford University Press.
CR  - Crawford, K. (2021). Atlas of AI: Power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence. Yale University Press.
CR  - DataRobot. (2022, January 18). DataRobot’s state of AI bias report reveals 81% of technology leaders want government regulation of AI bias. https://www.datarobot.com/newsroom/press/datarobots-state-of-ai-bias-report-reveals-81-of-technology-leaders-want-government-regulation-of-ai-bias/ (Erişim tarihi: 01 Haziran 2026).
CR  - De Pedraza, P., & Vollbracht, I. (2023). General theory of data, artificial intelligence and governance. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(607), 1-16.
CR  - Deleuze, G. (1992). Postscript on the Societies of Control. October, 59, 3–7.
CR  - Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., & Tinkler, J. (2008). Digital era governance: IT corporations, the state, and e-government. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Eisenhauer, T. (2026, June 10). Social media statistics 2026: 50 key numbers with sources. Apaya. https://apaya.com/blog/social-media-marketing-statistics (Erişim tarihi: 14 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Eroğlu, Ş. (2025). Veri yönetişimi: Küresel uygulamalar çerçevesinde Türkiye’deki uygulamalara yönelik stratejik bir değerlendirme. Bilgi Yönetimi, 8(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.33721/by.1620756
CR  - Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. Picador, St. Martin’s Press.
CR  - Fluence. (2026, April 15). 15 best AI models in 2026 for every use case: APIs vs open weights. https://www.fluence.network/blog/best-ai-models/ (Erişim tarihi: 19 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Pantheon Books.
CR  - Foucault, M. (1980). Power/ knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-79, (Ed. Colin Gordon). Pantheon.
CR  - Foucault, M. (2007). Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978. Palgrave Macmillan.
CR  - Gerdon, F., Bach, R. L., Kern, C., & Kreuter, F. (2022). Social impacts of algorithmic decision-making: A research agenda for the social sciences. Big Data & Society, 9(1), 1–13.
CR  - Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. University of California Press.
CR  - Giest, S., McBride, K., Nikiforova, A., & Sikder, S. K. (2025). Digital & data-driven transformations in governance: A landscape review. Data & Policy, 7(e21), 1-13.
CR  - Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In T. Gillespie, P. Boczkowski, & K. Foot (Eds.), Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society (pp. 185-193). MIT Press.
CR  - Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. Yale University Press.
CR  - Giovine, C., Roberts, R., Pometti, M., & Bankhwal, M. (2024, November 26). Building AI trust: The key role of explainability. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/building-ai-trust-the-key-role-of-explainability (Erişim tarihi: 02 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Grimmelikhuijsen, S., & Meijer, A. (2022). Legitimacy of algorithmic decision-making: Six threats and the need for a calibrated institutional response. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 5(3), 232–242. 
Gritsenko, D., Markham, A., Pötzsch, H., & Wijermars, M. (2022). Algorithms, contexts, governance. New Media & Society, 24(4), 835–844.
CR  - Haraway, D. (1991). Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature. Routledge.
Hassler, W., Lutz, B., Prinz, A., Seibold, E., Stampfer, M., Steinkogler, P., Strassnig, M., & Tschöll, P. (2023, November 7). Data governance and public-private partnership data sharing models. United Nations University. 
https://unu.edu/publication/data-governance-and-public-private-partnership-data-sharing-models (Erişim tarihi: 05 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Hellyar, M. (2026, May 20). 78% of hospitals are already using AI. Only 52% can deploy it. Respocare Insights. https://www.respocareinsights.io/article/healthcare-ai-readiness-governance-gap-2026 (Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Janssen, M., & Kuk, G. (2016). The challenges and limits of big data algorithms in technocratic governance. Government Information Quarterly, 33(3), 371–377.
CR  - Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
CR  - Kitchin, R. (2014). The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures & their consequences. Sage Publications.
CR  - Kitchin, R. (2017). Thinking critically about and researching algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 14–29.
CR  - KPMG. (2025). Trust, attitudes and use of artificial intelligence: A global study 2025.  
https://kpmg.com/xx/en/our-insights/ai-and-technology/trust-attitudes-and-use-of-ai.html (Erişim tarihi: 19 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Kumar, D., & Sahu, C. K. (2026). Artificial intelligence governance and social policy divergence. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 1–25.
CR  - Lahusen, C., Maggetti, M., & Slavkovik, M. (2024). Trust, trustworthiness and AI governance. Scientific Reports, 14, 1–10.
CR  - Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Li, W. (2024). Analyzing the impact of information features on user continuance intent in recommendation systems. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS), 20(1), 1–36. 
https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSWIS.353905
CR  - Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A radical view (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
CR  - Lyon, D. (2007). Surveillance studies: An overview. Polity Press.
CR  - Marcucci, S., González Alarcón, N., Verhulst, S. G., & Wüllhorst, E. (2023). Informing the global data future: Benchmarking data governance frameworks. Data & Policy, 5 (e30), 1-25.
CR  - Marcucci, S., González Alarcón, N., Verhulst, S. G., & Wüllhorst, E. (2023). Mapping and comparing data governance frameworks: A benchmarking exercise to inform global data governance deliberations. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.13731
CR  - Margetts, H. (2017). Political behaviour and the acoustics of social media. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(4), 1–3.
CR  - Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press. 
NTIA. (2024). Artificial intelligence accountability policy report. National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
CR  - O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown Publishing Group.
CR  - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2026). Data governance. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/data-governance.html (Erişim tarihi: 02 Haziran 2026).
OvalEdge. (2026, January 14).
CR  - Data governance models explained: Types, pros, cons & guide. https://www.ovaledge.com/blog/data-governance-models-framework (Erişim tarihi: 03 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Pasquale, F. (2015). The black box society. Harvard University Press.
CR  - Patel, S. (2026, April 17). April 2026 AI models: Every major release reviewed. Medium. https://medium.com/@sanjeevpatel3007/april-2026-ai-models-every-major-release-reviewed-6ea03d7bc0b7 (Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2026)
CR  - Public First. (2026, February). Public sector AI adoption index 2026: Closing the gap between promise & practice. Center for Data Innovation. https://indexaiglobalpublicservices.publicfirst.co/ (Erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2026).
Ramanath. (2026). AI in retail and ecommerce statistics 2026. Presenc AI. https://presenc.ai/research/ai-in-retail-and-ecommerce-statistics-2026 (Erişim tarihi: 15 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Replogle, N. (2025, December 1). The best AI productivity tools in 2026. Zapier. https://zapier.com/blog/best-ai-productivity-tools/ (Erişim tarihi: 08 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Richter, J. (2026, February 13). AI in the analytics industry statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/ai-in-the-analytics-industry-statistics/ (Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the arts of resistance: Hidden transcripts. Yale University Press.
CR  - Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing like a state. Yale University Press.
CR  - Srivastava, S. (2021). Algorithmic governance and the international politics of Big Tech. Perspectives on Politics, 21(3), 989–1000.
CR  - Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform capitalism. John Wiley & Sons.
CR  - Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. (2026). AI Index report 2026.
CR  - https://hai.stanford.edu/assets/files/ai_index_report_2026.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 09 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Sundorph, E., & Peña Fernández, E. A. (Eds.). (2024). European Centre for Algorithmic Transparency (ECAT): Issue 3, 2024. Publications Office of the European Union.
CR  - Sunstein, C. R. (2016). The ethics of influence: Government in the age of behavioral science. Cambridge University Press.
CR  - UNESCO. (2023). AI in education statistics and global adoption trends. https://worldmetrics.org/ai-in-education-statistics/ (Erişim tarihi: 13 Haziran 2026).
CR  - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2024). Veri yönetişimi çerçevesi: Türkiye için tavsiye raporu. https://www.undp.org/tr/turkiye/publications/veri-yonetisimi-cercevesi-turkiye-icin-tavsiye-raporu (Erişim tarihi: 07 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Van Dijck, J. (2014). Datafication, dataism and dataveillance. Surveillance & Society, 12(2), 197–208.
Vlasceanu, M., & Amodio, D. M. (2022). Propagation of societal gender inequality by internet search algorithms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(29), 1-8.
CR  - Wang, X., Wu, Y. C., Ji, X. J., & Fu, H. (2024). Algorithmic discrimination: Examining its types and regulatory measures. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, 1-12.
CR  - Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. University of California Press.
Wikipedia contributors. (2026). List of artificial intelligence projects. Wikipedia. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects (Erişim tarihi: 19 Haziran 2026).
Winks, E. (2023, April 28).
CR  - How to achieve an optimal hybrid data governance model? https://atlan.com/hybrid-data-governance/ (Erişim tarihi: 04 Haziran 2026).
CR  - World Bank. (2022). Data governance. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099620106292219495/pdf/P17756508522cb050b8480d5af6e095fa7.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 06 Haziran 2026).
CR  - Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. PublicAffairs.
CR  - Zygmuntowski, J. O. (2023). Data governance in a trilemma: A qualitative analysis of rights, values, and goals in building data commons. Digital Society, 2 (30), 1-19.
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cumusosbil/article/1944071
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5978364
ER  -