TY - JOUR T1 - Normative Review of Fake Order Practices in e-Commerce: An Examination Through Islamic and Indonesian Legal Frameworks TT - E-Ticarette Sahte Sipariş Uygulamalarının Normatif İncelemesi: İslam Hukuku ve Endonezya Hukuk Çerçeveleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme AU - Nurhidayah, Alvia AU - Wahid, Soleh Hasan PY - 2025 DA - September Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.5281/zenodo.16832464 JF - DiHA: Journal of Interdisciplinary Legal Studies JO - DiHA PB - AREA STUDIES ASSOCIATION WT - DergiPark SN - 3062-0473 SP - 1 EP - 24 IS - 2 LA - en AB - This study analyzes business actors who use fake order marketing strategies from the perspective of Islamic law and consumer protection law in Indonesia. It also examines the strategies of e-commerce platforms in addressing these practices through internal policies and rating systems from the same legal perspectives. E-commerce, as a rapidly growing digital marketplace, connects consumers and companies through technology and applications, offering convenience in transactions but also creating risks, such as buyers’ inability to inspect goods directly. This reliance on reviews and ratings has enabled the rise of fake orders—deliberate fictitious transactions and reviews aimed at boosting store reputations, manipulating consumer perceptions, and inflating sales metrics. Such practices distort market fairness and mislead consumers, raising ethical and legal issues.Using a qualitative method grounded in normative legal and ethnographic approaches, data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed inductively. From the perspective of Islamic law, fake orders are invalid because they do not fulfill the pillars and conditions of the ijārah bil al-amāl contract, as the services purchased lack direct and lawful benefits. Under Indonesian consumer protection law, fake orders violate consumer rights and breach business actors’ obligations. Platform strategies studied adhere toIslamic principles and comply with the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE). KW - Consumer Protection KW - E-commerce KW - Fraud KW - Indonesia KW - Islamic Law KW - Marketing N2 - Bu çalışma, sahte sipariş pazarlama stratejileri kullanan ticari aktörleri, İslam hukuku ve Endonezya tüketici koruma hukuku perspektifinden incelemektedir. Ayrıca e-ticaret platformlarının bu tür uygulamalara karşı iç politikalar ve derecelendirme sistemleri yoluyla geliştirdiği stratejileri de aynı hukuki çerçeveler ışığında değerlendirmektedir. Dijital pazaryeri olarak hızla büyüyen e-ticaret, tüketiciler ve şirketleri teknoloji ve uygulamalar aracılığıyla buluşturmakta; işlemlerde kolaylık sağlarken, tüketicilerin ürünleri doğrudan inceleyememesi gibi riskler de doğurmaktadır. Bu durum, tüketicilerin değerlendirme ve puanlamalara bağımlı hale gelmesine yol açmış; mağaza itibarını artırmak, tüketici algısını manipüle etmek ve satış istatistiklerini yapay olarak şişirmek amacıyla kurgulanan sahte işlemler ve yorumlar anlamına gelen sahte siparişlerin ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu tür uygulamalar piyasa adaletini bozmakta ve tüketicileri yanıltmakta, dolayısıyla etik ve hukuki sorunlar doğurmaktadır. Normatif hukuk ve etnografik yaklaşımlara dayalı nitel yöntem kullanılarak yürütülen araştırmada veriler gözlem, mülakat ve dokümantasyon yoluyla toplanmış, tümevarımsal olarak analiz edilmiştir. İslam hukuku perspektifinden sahte siparişler, satın alınan hizmetlerin doğrudan ve meşru bir fayda sağlamaması sebebiyle icâre bil-amel akdinin rükün ve şartlarını karşılamadığından geçersiz kabul edilmektedir. Endonezya tüketicikoruma hukuku açısından ise sahte siparişler, tüketici haklarını ihlal etmekte ve ticari aktörlerin yükümlülüklerini ihlâl etmektedir. İncelenen platform stratejileri, İslamî ilkelere uygunluk göstermekte ve EndonezyaBilgi ve Elektronik İşlemler Yasası’na (UU ITE) riayet etmektedir. CR - Afrineldi. "Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)." Publika Scientific Journal 9, no. 1 (2021): 107 https://doi.org/10.33603/publika.v9i1.5719 CR - Akhmad Farroh Hasan, M.SI. "Fiqh Muammalah From Classical to Contemporary (Theory and Practice)." UIN-Maliki Malang Press, no. 2 (2014): 226. CR - Alfiani, Desi. Review of Islamic Law on the Sale and Purchase of Clothing by Random at the Onlineshop Shop Eksifashion Ponorogo, Thesis, (Ponorogo: Ponorogo State Islamic Institute, 2022). CR - Al Lu'lu'Iy, Muhammad Shofiyutulloh, Fake Order Practices to Increase Online Store Ratings in the Perspective of Islamic Law and Positive Law, Thesis (Yogyakarta: State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga, 2024) CR - Awllia, Diah Lailatul, The Influence of Testimonials and Endorsement Celebgrams on Purchasing Interest in Online Shops through Instagram Social Media at the Faculty of Sharia IAIN Ponorogo, Thesis, (Ponorogo, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ponorogo, 2018). CR - Apandy, Puteri Asyifa Octavia, Melawati, and Panji Adam. "The Importance of Consumer Protection Law in Buying and Selling." Jayakarta Journal of Management & Business 3, no. 1 (2021): 12–18. https://doi.org/10.53825/jmbjayakarta.v3i1.85. CR - Ardianto, Khowin, Fania Putri Nuriska, and Lia Nirawati. "The Effect of Trust and Product Reviews on Emina Repurchase Interest at the Shopee Official Store in Surabaya City." Ubhara Scientific Journal of Management 2, no. 2 (2020): 62. https://doi.org/10.31599/jmu.v2i2.759. CR - Barakatullah, Abdul Halim, Consumer Protection Law: Theoretical Studies and Development of Thought, (Bandung: Nusa Media, 2008), 47. CR - Damanik, Taufiq Agusman, Fake Order Law to improve store reputation in Online Shop Shoes, (North Sumatra: Repository UIN North Sumatra, 2023), 5\. CR - Digifolium, 5 Reasons Why Shopee Fake Order Service is Quite Dangerous, https://digifolium.com/5-alasan-mengapa-jasa-fake-order-shopee-cukup-berbahaya/#Pengertian_Fake_Order, (accessed on March 30, 2024, at 18:58). CR - Laury Kaniasti/Mg2, "History of TikTok Shop in Indonesia, from Banned to Present Again," quoted from https://bekasi.inews.id/read/382453/sejarah-tiktok-shop-di-indonesia-dari-dilarang-hingga-hadir-kembali, [downloaded on November 23, 2024]. CR - Khairandy, Ridwan, Indonesian Contract Law in Comparative Perspective (First Part), (Yogyakarta: FH UII Press 2013), 213. CR - Lazada, "Home," cited from https://pages.lazada.co.id/wow/gcp/route/lazada/id/upr_1000345_lazada/channel/id/upr-router/id_upr?spm=a2o4j.11393940.header.dfeedback.d2b97fbfihCutd&hybrid=1&data_prefetch=true&prefetch_replace=1&at_iframe=1&wh_pid=/lazada/channel/id/trade/feedback, [downloaded on November 22, 2024]. CR - Lazada, "Platform Terms of Use," cited from https://pages.lazada.co.id/wow/gcp/route/lazada/id/upr_1000345_lazada/channel/id/upr-router/id_upr?at_iframe=1&data_prefetch=true&prefetch_replace=1&wh_pid=%2Flazada%2Fchannel%2Fid%2Flegal%2Fterms-of-use, [downloaded on November 23, 2024]. CR - Lazada, "[Sales]-Anti Brushing Policy," cited from https://sellercenter.lazada.co.id/seller/helpcenter/penjualan-kebijakan-anti-brushing-7309.html?spm=a2a14.helpcenter-psc-topic.articles-list.22.4c963f5exkZxL2, [downloaded on November 23, 2024]. CR - Maramis, Stephanie Nathania, et al, "Legal Study on the Validity of Online Buying and Selling on Facebook Applications", Lex Privatum. 11. no.4 (May 8, 2023), 5. CR - Molle, Ari Apriatman, Teng Berlianty, and Agustina Balik. "Legal Protection of Shopee Consumers for Goods That Do Not Match the Product Description." Pattimura Law Study Review 1, no. 1 (2023): 1-15. CR - Miru, Ahmad and Sutarman Yodo, Consumer Protection Law, (Depok: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2004), 38. CR - Shahroni, Jainal, Islamic Law Review of Online Ojek Services in Ponorogo Regency, Thesis, (Ponorogo: Ponorogo State Islamic Institute, 2020). CR - Santoso, Febrina Fitri Permatasari, Review of Islamic Law on Online Buying and Selling that Includes Hoax Pictures and Testimonials in Ponorogo, Thesis, (Ponorogo: Ponorogo State Islamic Institute, 2018), 2. CR - Shopee, "[Seller]-Anti-Burshing Policy cited from https://sellercenter.lazada.co.id/helpcenter/s/faq/knowledge?&language=id&DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/jres.v3i2.2789m_station=BuyerHelp&questionId=1000148900&hybrid=1&categoryId=1000028278, [ downloaded on November 21, 2024 ] CR - Shop Tokopedia Academy, "How to Appeal a Violation," cited from https://seller-id.tokopedia.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=5428543313004305&role=1&course_type=1&from=search&identity=1, [downloaded on November 23, 2024]. CR - Ramdhani, Noviyantii, Panji Adam Agus Putra, and Ira Siti Rohmah Maulida, "Analysis of the DSN-MUI Fatwa on Akad Ijarah Against the Practice of Endorsement Services," Journal of Sharia Economic Research, (2023), 83. https: https://doi.org/10.29313/jres.v3i2.2789 CR - Subairi, Fiqh Muamalah, (Pamekasan: Duta Media Publishing, 2021), 92. CR - Suryaningsih, The Practice of Renting Kos with Per-Hour System in the Perspective of Sadd Adz-Dzari'ah, Thesis, (Kediri: IAIN Kediri, 2021), 17-19. CR - Syaikhu, Ariyadi, Norwili, Fikih Muamalah Understanding Concepts and Contemporary Dialectics, (Malang: UIN-Maliki Malang Press)138-141. CR - Wardani, Amelia Pramesty Putri, Review of Sharia Economic Law on the Practice of Fake Orders to Increase Store Ratings (Case Study at @laziah shop Online Store), Thesis, (Semarang: Walisongo State Islamic University, 2023). CR - Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 Year 1999 on Consumer Protection CR - Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions CR - Law No. 1 of 2024 on the Second Amendment to Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions. UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16832464 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/6125631 ER -