TY  - JOUR
T1  - Emojinin Muhafazakarlığı: Emek, Duygulanım ve İletişim
TT  - The Conservatism of Emoji: Work, Affect, and Communication
AU  - Stark, Luke
AU  - Crawford, Kate
AU  - Koçak Kurt, Şeyda
PY  - 2026
DA  - June
Y2  - 2026
JF  - Yeni Medya
PB  - Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2587-1285
SP  - 493
EP  - 509
IS  - 20
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu makale, emojileri enformasyonel kapitalizmin sosyal ağları içinde duygulanımsal emeğin taşıyıcıları olarak incelemektedir. Metin mesajlarında, e-postalarda ve sosyal medya sohbet platformlarında görülebilen, her yerde karşımıza çıkan dijital görseller olan emojiler, toplumsal, kültürel ve ekonomik açıdan zengin anlamlar taşımaktadır. Bu makale emojileri tarihsel, toplumsal ve kültürel nesneler olarak ve aynı zamanda skeomorfizm ve teknik standartlaşma örnekleri olarak ele almaktadır. Günümüzde duygusal etkileşimler için tasarlanan ve açık biçimde paraya dönüştürülen başka grafiklerin yerini almış olmakla birlikte emojiler, dijital ekonomide işletmelerin büyük ilgi gösterdiği duygusal verileri temsil etmeye ve duygulanımsal anlamın sembolik göstergeleri olarak rol oynamaya devam etmektedir. Emoji karakterlerinin, duygulanımın insani bir potansiyel olarak taşıdığı yaratıcı güç ile sermayenin bu gücü gündelik biyopolitiğin yönetimi yoluyla üretken ve ekonomik olarak değerlendirilebilir bir kaynağa dönüştürme çabası arasındaki gerilimi hem somutlaştırdığını hem de temsil ettiğini ileri sürüyoruz. Emojiler, duygulanımsal emeğin yaratıcı gücü ve piyasa mantığının hükmü altındaki dijital alanın sınırları arasındaki mücadelenin örnekleridir
KW  - Sosyal Medya
KW  - Emoji
KW  - Duygulanımsal Emek
N2  - This piece examines emoji as conduits for affective labor in the social networks of informational capitalism. Emoji, ubiquitous digital images that can appear in text messages, emails, and social media chat platforms, are rich in social, cultural, and economic significance. This article examines emoji as historical, social, and cultural objects, and as examples of skeuomorphism and of technical standardization. Now superseded as explicitly monetized objects by other graphics designed for affective interactions, emoji nonetheless represent emotional data of enormous interest to businesses in the digital economy, and continue to act symbolically as signifiers of affective meaning. We argue that emoji characters both embody and represent the tension between affect as human potential, and as a productive force that capital continually seeks to harness through the management of everyday biopolitics. Emoji are instances of a contest between the creative power of affective labor and its limits within a digital realm in the thrall of market logic
CR  - Ahmed, S. (2010). Happy objects. In M. Gregg & G. J. Seigworth (Eds.), The affect theory reader (pp. 29–51). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
CR  - BBC Radio and Wise Buddha Creative. (2013). Smiley’s people (radio documentary). BBC Radio 4. Retrieved from: http://newyorkfestivals.com/worldsbestradio/2013/pieces. php?iid=458538&pid=1
CR  - Bell, K. (2014, September 12). GIF Keyboard for iOS 8 is the App you’ve been waiting for. Mashable. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2014/09/12/popkey-gif-keyboard-ios-8/
CR  - Benenson, F. (2009). Emoji dick. Kickstarter. Retrieved from https://kickstarter.com/projects/fred/emoji-dick
CR  - Bennett, J. (2014, July 25). The emoji have won the battle of words. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://nytimes.com/2014/07/27/fashion/emoji-have-won-the-battle-of-words.html
CR  - Berlant, L. (2011). Cruel optimism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
CR  - Blagdon, J. (2013, March 4). How emoji conquered the world. The Verge. Retrieved from http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world
CR  - Bogado, A. (2014a, August 18). Twitter post. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/aurabogado
CR  - Bogado, A. (2014b, August 24). Twitter post. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/aurabogado
CR  - Byford, S. (2013, March 6). Path moves toward monetization with stickers and private messaging in 3.0 update. The Verge. Retrieved from http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/6/4073002/path-3-0-
update-available-with-messaging-and-shop
CR  - Byford, S. (2014, August 7). Line’s bears and bunnies are coming for America. The Verge. Retrieved from http://www.theverge.com/2014/8/7/5977195/chat-app-line-is-coming-for-america
CR  - Carlsson, A., & Miller, A. B. (2012). Future potentials for ASCII art. Retrieved from goto80.com/chipflip/06/
CR  - Constine, J. (2013, January 30). Facebook tries letting you share emoticons of exactly what you’re feeling, reading or eating. TechCrunch. Retrieved from http://techcrunch.com/2013/01/30/facebook-
visual-sharing/
CR  - Crawford, K. (2014, May 30). The anxieties of big data. The New Inquiry. Retrieved from thenewinquiry.com/essays/the-anxietiesof-big-data/
CR  - Davis, M., & Edberg, P. (Eds.). (2014, November 15). Proposed draft Unicode technical report #51: UNICODE EMOJI, Version 1.0 (Draft 2). Retrieved from http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/tr51-1.html
CR  - Derks, D., Bos, A. E. R., & Grumbkow, J. (2007). Emoticons and social interaction on the Internet: The importance of social context. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 842–849. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.013
CR  - Dewey, C. (2015a, February 24). Are Apple’s new “yellow face” emoji racist? The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/02/24/are-apples-
new-yellow-face-emoji-racist/
CR  - Dewey, C. (2015b, April 8). Snapchat’s controversial emoji update: An explainer for the old/confused. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-
intersect/wp/2015/04/08/snapchats-controversial-emojiupdate-an-explainer-for-the-old-andor-confused/
CR  - Dresner, E., & Herring, S. (2010). Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theory, 20, 249–268.
CR  - Fahlman, S. E. (n.d.). Smiley Lore :-). Scott E. Fahlman’s Homepage. Retrieved from http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/sefSmiley.htm
CR  - Fitzpatrick, T. (1988). The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Archives of Dermatology, 124, 869–871.
CR  - Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality, Vol. 1: An introduction. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
CR  - Galloway, A. (2006). Gaming: Essays on algorithmic culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
CR  - Gessler, N. (1998). Skeuomorphs and Cultural Algorithms. In V. William Porto, N. Saravanan, Donald E. Waagen, & A. E. Eiben (Eds.) Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Evolutionary 
Programming (Vol. VII, pp. 229–238). London, England: Springer-Verlag.
CR  - Gopinath, S. (2013). The ringtone dialectic: Economy and cultural form. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
CR  - Gregg, M. (2010). On Friday night drinks: Workplace affects in the age of the cubicle. In M. Gregg & G. J. Seigworth (Eds.), Affect theory reader (pp. 250–268). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
CR  - Hardt, M. (1999). Affective labor. boundary 2, 26(2), 89–100.
CR  - Harry, S. (2014, April 16). Attacking the stream. Dissent: A Quarterly of Politics and Culture. Retrieved from https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/attacking-the-stream
CR  - Hill, J. (2014, March 3). Beyoncé (feat. Jay-Z) “Drunk in Love” Unofficial emoji video [Vimeo video]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/88073857
CR  - Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1979)
CR  - Honan, W. (2001, April 14). Obituary: H. R. Ball, 79, Ad Executive Credited With Smiley Face. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/14/us/h-r-ball-79-adexecutive-
credited-with-smiley-face.html
CR  - Illouz, E. (2007). Cold intimacies: The making of emotional capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
CR  - Kanalley, C. (2013, February 1). Facebook “mood status” brings back memories of LiveJournal, MySpace. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-kanalley/facebook-
mood-status-brin_b_2600255.html
CR  - Kaye, J. (2005, April). Intimate objects: A site for affective evaluation. Presented at the Workshop on Evaluating Affective Interfaces—Innovative Approaches, CHI 2005.
CR  - Kelion, L. (2014, March 26). Apple seeks greater emoji racial diversity. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26749867
CR  - Kennedy, P. (2012, November 23). Who invented that emoticon? The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/magazine/who-made-that-emoticon.html?_r=0
CR  - Khan, N. (2015, March 11). Business fish, or, emotion under late capitalism. Rhizome. Retrieved from http://rhizome.org/editorial/2015/mar/11/business-fish-or-emotion-under-latecapitalism/
CR  - Kraus, M. (2013). Speaking in picture-letters. In M. Kraus (Ed.), Emoji: A special print edition of Womanzine (pp. 5–6). New York: Womanzine + Emoji Art and Design Show. Retrieved from issuu.com/lindseyweber5/docs/emoji_by_womanzine/13?e=11319660/7206264
CR  - Lexalytics. (2014). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved from http://lexalytics.com/faq-page#t112n866
CR  - Licci, D. (2009, June 10). Science fiction-double feature, The Rocky Horror Picture Show (directed by Jim Sharman, 20th Century Fox, 1975) [YouTube video]. Retrieved from youtube.com/watch?
v=G5MHNvOVl8Y
CR  - Licoppe, C. (2008). The mobile phone’s ring. In J. E. Katz (Ed.), Handbook of mobile communication studies (pp. 139–152). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
CR  - Lippit, T. (1995, April 10). Japan teens flip for private pagers. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/10/news/10iht-bellcon.ttt.html
CR  - Marks, L. (2010). Enfoldment and infinity: An Islamic genealogy of new media art. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
CR  - McCracken, H. (2015). How Japan’s Line app became a culturechanging, revenue-generating phenomenon. Fast Company. Retrieved from http://www.fastcompany.com/3041578/mostinnovative-
companies-2015/how-japans-line-app-became-aculture-changing-revenue-generat
CR  - Melville, H. (2010). Emoji dick; or the whale (Edited by Fred Benenson and Translated by Amazon Mechanical Turk). Available from emojidick.com (Original work published 1851)
CR  - Mullaney, T. (2012). The moveable typewriter: How Chinese typists developed predictive text during the height of Maoism. Technology and Culture, 53, 777–814.
CR  - Nabokov, V. (1969, April 19). Interview with the New York Times. Retrieved from www.lib.ru/NABOKOW/Inter11.txt_Ascii.txt
CR  - Negri, A. (1999). Value and affect. boundary 2, 26(2), 77–88.
CR  - Newman, L. (2015, April 8). This Apple Watch feature was supposed to be fun but just turned out creepy. Slate. Retrieved from 
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/04/08/animated_emojis_on_the_apple_watch_are_creepy.html
CR  - Ngai, S. (2015). Visceral abstractions. GLQ, 21(1), 33–63.
CR  - Offerman, N. (2014, November 13). Nick Offerman’s handcrafted wood emojis. The Conan O’Brien Show [Web video]. Retrieved from http://teamcoco.com/video/nick-offermanwoodemojis?
playlist=featured-videos
CR  - Oomori, T. (2008, August 15). iPhone sheds light on weakness of Japanese handset makers. Nikkei Technology. Retrieved from http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20080812/156362/
CR  - Perry, K. [KatyPerryVEVO]. (2013, August 12). Roar [LyricVideo] [YouTube video]. Retrieved from youtube.com/ watch?v=e9SeJIgWRPk
CR  - Popovich, N. (2013, December 11). Fred Benenson: The man who translated Moby Dick into Emoji. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://theguardian.com/culture/2013/dec/11/fred-benensonstatus-
update-emoji-dick
CR  - Preston, M. (1982). The English Literal Rebus and the Graphic Riddle Tradition. Western Folklore, 41(2), 104–138.
CR  - Rasmussen, B. B. (2012). Queequeg’s Coffin: Indigenous literacies and early American literature. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
CR  - Scherer, M., Davis, M., Momoi, K., Tong, D., Kida, Y., & Edberg, P. (2010, April 27). Emoji symbols: Background data. Retrieved from unicode.org/~scherer/emoji4unicode/snapshot/utc
CR  - Stamp, J. (2013, March 13). Who really invented the smiley face? Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/who-really-invented-the-smiley-face-2058483/?no-ist
CR  - Tan, M. (2015, February 23). Apple adds racially diverse emoji, and they come in five skin shades. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/24/apple-adds-
racially-diverse-emoji-and-they-come-in-fiveskin-shades
CR  - Thompson, C. (2013). The prehistory of emoji. In Kraus (Ed.), Emoji (pp. 13–15). New York, NY: Womanzine + Emoji Art and Design Show.
CR  - Van Grove, J. (2013, July 2). As Facebook gets serious about stickers, creator says so long. CNET. Retrieved from http://www.cnet.com/news/as-facebook-gets-serious-about-stickers-creator-
saysso-long/
CR  - Vartanian, H. (2013, February 11). Emoji art history. Hyperallergic. Retrieved from hyperallergic.com/64988/emoji-art-history/
CR  - Weber, L. (2013, December 13). I have no words: Emoji and the new visual vernacular [Vimeo video]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/83241814
CR  - Worcester Historical Society. (2013). 50 years of smiley face. Featured Exhibits. Retrieved from worcesterhistory.org/50-years-of-smiley-face/
CR  - Wortham, J. (2013). The very bearable lightness of meaning. In Kraus (Ed.), Emoji (pp. 19–20). New York: Womanzine +Emoji Art and Design Show.
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yenimedya/article/1981663
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/6161587
ER  -