TY - JOUR T1 - In vitro Propagation Techniques for Some Geophyte Ornamental Plants with High Economic Value TT - In vitro Propagation Techniques for Some Geophyte Ornamental Plants with High Economic Value AU - Çığ, Arzu AU - Başdoğan, Gülçinay PY - 2015 DA - January JF - International Journal of Secondary Metabolite JO - Int. J. Sec. Metabolite PB - İzzet KARA WT - DergiPark SN - 2148-6905 SP - 27 EP - 49 VL - 2 IS - 1 LA - en AB - Propagation of some ornamental plants has increased tremendously due to the demand for them as cut flowers, in addition to their usage for interior and exterior landscaping purposes. Geophytes (bulbous-tuberous) are the most preferred group among the ornamental plants due to their aesthetic features, suitability to be cut flowers and their fragrance. These plants are highly propagated and consumed. The geophyte species which are highly profitable, globally traded and constituting 90% of the flower bulb market are Tulipa (tulip), Lilium (lily), Narcissus (daffodil), Gladiolus (gladioli), Iris (iris) and Hyacinthus (hyacinth). In vitro propagation techniques, which provide disease-free mass production options, have started to be used increasingly to fulfil the demand for these species in the market. In this study, the results of in vitro propagation studies for some economically valuable tulip, lily, daffodil, gladiolus, iris and hyacinth species are provided. KW - Propagation KW - Geophyte KW - In vitro KW - Ornamental Plant N2 - Propagation of some ornamental plants has increased tremendously due to the demand for them as cut flowers, in addition to their usage for interior and exterior landscaping purposes. Geophytes (bulbous-tuberous) are the most preferred group among the ornamental plants due to their aesthetic features, suitability to be cut flowers and their fragrance. These plants are highly propagated and consumed. The geophyte species which are highly profitable, globally traded and constituting 90% of the flower bulb market are Tulipa (tulip), Lilium (lily), Narcissus (daffodil), Gladiolus (gladioli), Iris (iris) and Hyacinthus (hyacinth). In vitro propagation techniques, which provide disease-free mass production options, have started to be used increasingly to fulfil the demand for these species in the market. In this study, the results of in vitro propagation studies for some economically valuable tulip, lily, daffodil, gladiolus, iris and hyacinth species are provided. CR - Zhen-guang, C., 1982. CR - Nutrient medium+active charcoal CR - active carbon in basic medium CR - Pifang, Z. et al., 1985b. N. chinensis CR - The white compact callus was initiated from scale segments with CR - the basal plate on MS+1 mg l-1 BA and 0.1 mg l-1 2,4-D. CR - Adventitious shoots were produced from callus cultures by CR - transferring them on MS or with 1 mg l-1 BA or containing 0.1-0.5 CR - NAA. Most of bulblets developed leaves and roots ½ MS+0.01-0.1 mg l NAA or without any growth substance, particularly with 0.03 mg l-1 NAA. CR - Hengsen, G. and Cuihua, G., 1987. N. chinensis CR - MS+different doses of PGR CR - increased adventitious shoots on MS+0.1 mg l-1 NAA. CR - Hengsen, G. et al., 1987. N. chinensis MS+0-5 mg l-1 BA, 0-1 mg l induced bulbils. The percentage of induction reached 70%. CR - Yimin, H. and Guoning, Q., 1991. N. chinensis MS+NAA and 6-BA CR - The differentiation rate of puff callus induced by low concentration CR - of NAA (0. 5 mg l)+6 BA (1-8 mg l-1) is low. CR - Weilian, H. et al., 1993. Narcissus c.v.s CR - “St. Keverne” and “hawera” MS+different doses of PGR CR - BA in single leaf cultures than in shoot clump cultures. NAA CR - stimulated bulbil formation on MS+176 mM sucrose for both CR - cultivars. “St Keverne” showed good bulbil development with 0.54 CR - μM NAA, 5.4 μM IAA and 5.4 μM lBA and “Hawera” responded only to 27 μM IAA. CR - Staikidou, I. et al., 1994. CR - N. bulbocodium Twin scales PGR CR - mg l-1) resulted in shoot initiation and leaf development. Tiny bulbs CR - were obtained with MS+BAP+IBA for a long period (70 days). The CR - final size of the bulbs was not increased by the presence of NAA CR - butlincrease but a better root system was developed by it. CR - Santos, J. et al., 1998. CR - N. pseudonarcissus Leaves, bulbs and c.v.s CR - harvest” and “St. Keverne” MS+different doses of A range of 2,4-D and BAP concentrations started embryogenesis. 5 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM or 5 μM BAP was more efficieny on somatic CR - embryogenesis (SEs) than other combinations. SEs were produced CR - on scape explants earlier. SEs converted to plantlets with 4.9 μM IBA. CR - Sage, D.O. et al., 2000. N. chinensis PGR CR - mg l-1 2,4-D. The calli could differentiate on the media added BA CR - and NAA. But the root differentiation rate could be increased, and CR - the differentiation rate of buds decreased with increasing of NAA CR - concentration in the media. The buds could grow up to small plants CR - on the MS+BA and NAA. Yu, W., 2001. CR - Narcissus c.v. “pink Young leaves charm” CR - MS+different doses of PGR CR - medium for differentiation of rosette bud. For proliferation: MS+1.5 CR - BA +1.0 mg lNAA and for induction of roots: ½ MS+0.2 mg l-1 6-BA+0.5 mg lNAA. CR - Zhu, H. et al., 2007. Narcissus “fortissimo” ½ MS+different doses of CR - The root of bulblets grew strongly on ½ MS+0.1 mg l-1 NAA or 0.1 CR - mg l-1 IBA. The root was shorter and slimmer on ½ MS+0.05 mg l CR - IBA. The bulblets grew faster on ½ MS+1.0 mg l-1 NAA or 0.5 mg CR - l-1 IBA. ½ MS+0.1 mg l-1 NAA or 0.1 mg l-1 IBA had the significant CR - promotion on the rooting induction of tissue culture seedlings in narcissus. CR - Cui, W., 2008. N. suzhou Double scales CR - The best medium was MS+3.2 mg l-1 6-BA+.02 mg l-1 NAA for CR - inducement. The average of inducing small bulbs was 4-5 and the CR - increment rate was up to 322.22%. CR - Jiang, L. et al., 2010. Narcissus “delibes” CR - MS+different doses of PGR CR - 0 g·l-1sucrose; for bulbil formation: MS+4.0 mg l-1 6-BA, 0.2 mg CR - NAA, 2.0 mg lactivated charcoal and sucrose 60.0 g·l or MS+ CR - 0 mg l-16-BA, 1.0 mg l-12,4-D, 2.0 mg l-1 activated charcoal and CR - 0 g·l-1sucrose; for roots: MS +1.0 mg l-1 6-BA, 0.5 mg l-1 2,4-D, CR - 5 mg l-1 NAA, 2.0 mg l-1 activated charcoal and 30.0 g·l-1 sucrose. CR - LV., X. et. al., 2010. Narcissus “arkle” CR - different parts of bulbs CR - Twin-scale with basal plate was more suitable explant was CR - described. The more appropriate medium for primary culture was CR - MS+3.0 mg l-1 6-BA+0.5 mg l-1 NAA+0.2 mg l-1 IBA. The CR - proliferation medium was MS+1.5 mg l-1 6-BA+0.3 mg l-1 NAA, its CR - induction rate was 668%.The rooting rate of the bulblets was 80% CR - on ½ MS+0.1 mg l-1 NAA+1 g·l-1 activated carbon. The CR - combination of 6-BA and NAA had favourable effects on induction CR - and multiplication of bulblets. ½ MS+ NAA and AC was beneficial to rooting. CR - Sun, X. et. al., 2010a. CR - MS+different doses of PGR CR - the capacity to induce colorless embryogenic calli. Production of CR - shoot buds was stimulated with the moderate concentration of 2,4 CR - D (0.5-1 mg l-1). It was found that different calli induction and CR - organogenesis were dependent on the auxin type and their CR - concentrations in the medium. CR - Fang, Q. et al., 2013. Plant Explant Types CR - Culture Medium Results CR - Hyacinthus sp. H. orientalis Bulb segments CR - 300 bulblets which are 3-4 cm long and 0.5 cm wide were CR - obtained by basal scale segments. References CR - Pierik, R.L.M. and Post, A.J.M., 1974. H. orientalis “lady derby” NAA+BA bulblet initiation It was found that NAA was the only necessary hormone for callus formation and root differentiation. CR - Saniewski, M. et al., 1974. Hyacinthus subsp. Bulb scales, basal CR - plates, leaf, ovary and stem of PGR Hussey, G., 1975. CR - Hyacinthus subsp. Peduncle, CR - pedicel and flower bud of PGR CR - NAA+BA added NAA dose is less than that of BA, the bulblets are CR - differentiated from explants. CR - Jinyu, D. and Hong, H., 1983. Hyacinthus subsp. Bulb scales and leaflet explants CR - medium+different doses of IBA and BA CR - formed, and the fresh weight of their bulblets were affected. CR - Van Aartrijk, J. et al., 1986. H. orientalis Bulb scales NAA or BA CR - and 0.54–5.4 μM NAA, but their growth was slow. Based on the CR - results, a mass propagation scheme for H. orientalis using shake CR - culture had been established. CR - Takayama, S. et al., 1991. H. orientalis Leaves Nutrient CR - medium+different doses CR - of PGR+different types of sugars shoots and tubers. CR - Bach, A. et al., 1992. Hyacinthus orientalis CR - MS+different doses of NAA and BA CR - callus and shoot bud. MS+2 mg l-1 BA+2 mg l-1 NAA was found to CR - be suitable for callus and shoot bud. But without hormones medium CR - was suitable root induction. CR - Yanbo, L. et al., 1998. H. “white pearl” Nutrient medium CR - Continuous differentiation of tepals was successively induced. In CR - days, each flower bud differentiated an average of more than 70 CR - tepals. It was found that the first whorled organ of the flower bud CR - was perianth which consisted of perianth tube and tepals grown at CR - the top of the perianth tube, which is the same as the flower bud of CR - the wild type in H. orentalis. CR - Wenliang, L. et al.,1999. H. orientalis “delft blue” CR - MS+ different types sand doses of sugars CR - medium doses sugars. The highest proliferation rate of adventitious CR - buds were obtained by 360 mM glucose. CR - Bach, A. and Swiderski, A., 2000. Hyacinthus orientalis pedicel peduncle μM per inflorescence explant. CR - Ziv, M. and Lilien-Kipnis, H., 2000. H. orientalis “delft blue” from immature leaves CR - Bulb formation was promoted by adding of ABA to the medium CR - although adding of fluridone inhibited it. CR - Li, H. et. al., 2002. H. orientalis “carnegie” CR - Modified Heller (1953) of IAA+IBA CR - IBA. 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