TY  - JOUR
TT  - Case Study: Evaluating Road Performance and Sediment Generation during Simulated Wet Weather Hauling
AU  - Kemp, Erica
AU  - Leshchinsky, Ben
AU  - Boston, Kevin
PY  - 2016
DA  - November
JF  - European Journal of Forest Engineering
JO  - Eur J Forest Eng
PB  - Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2149-5637
SP  - 22
EP  - 34
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
KW  - Forest roads
KW  - Geosynthetics
KW  - Wet Weather Hauling
KW  - Oregon
N2  - Aggregateroads are the primary means of access to managed forestlands in western Oregon,but may facilitate sediment transport during rainfall, especially with trafficfrom heavy trucks. This transported sediment, typically in the means ofsuspended sediment or turbid effluent, may have detrimental effects on aquaticecosystems, especially when roads are in proximity to creeks, streams andrivers. However, due to past construction practices and difficult terrain, manyexisting roads are stream-adjacent, and may require retrofitting to addresspotential delivery of fine sediment from its surface during rainfall. Toevaluate a potential treatment to this problem, a heavily-instrumented fieldtest was performed on a reconstructed aggregate forest road in Western Oregonwhich sought to test the potential of geosynthetic materials to sequester roadsediment and improve road performance during wet-weather hauling. A sand filterberm wrapped with a non-woven geotextile provided 70% and more reduction inturbidity when tested under idealized laboratory conditions. Additionally, ageogrid reinforcement placed on the native road subgrade material prior toplacing the aggregate layer reduced subgrade pressures experienced during loading,improving mechanical performance. When applied to well-graded aggregate, thegeogrid reinforcement reduced rutting, a potential channel for flow of turbidrunoff. When applied to a poorly-graded aggregate the geogrid reinforcementreduced relative breakage. Aggregate degradation and road performance may beimproved with use of the geogrid reinforcement and road sediment may beeffectively sequestered with use of a geotextile-wrapped filter sand berm whenapplied correctly. Targeted applications of these approaches are recommendedwhere desired levels of road performance and water quality improvement mayjustify the additional labor and materials required. However, more replicatesand larger scale application may address some levels of variability that aredifficult to address under the constraints of an intensive field test.
CR  - Beschta, Robert L. 1978. "Long-term patterns of sediment production following road construction and logging in the Oregon Coast Range." Water Resources Research 14 (6): 1011-1016.
CR  - Bilby, Robert E., Kathleen Sullivan, and Stanley H. Duncan. 1989. "The Generation and Fate of Road-Surface Sediment in Forested Watersheds in Southwestern Washington." Forest Science 35 (2): 453-468.
CR  - Boston, K., Pyles, M., & Bord, A. (2008). Compaction of forest roads in Northwestern Oregon–room for improvement. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 19(1), 24-28.
CR  - Boston, K. (2012). Impact of the Ninth Circuit Court Ruling (Northwest Environmental Defense Center v. Brown) Regarding Forest Roads and the Clean Water Act. Journal of Forestry, 110(6), 344-346.
CR  - Castelle, A. J., A. W. Johnson, and C. Conolly. 1994. "Wetland and Stream Buffer Size Requirements—A Review." Journal of Environmental Quality 23: 878-882.
CR  - Clegg, B. 1980. "An impact soil test as alternative to California bearing ratio." Third Australia-New Zealand conference on Geomechanics: Wellington, May 12-16, 1980. Wellington, N.Z.: Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=648478594123021;res=IELENG.
CR  - Dawson, A. R. (1997, June). Rutting in unsurfaced roads-materials and structure interaction effects. In Proc., Symposium on Thinly Surfaced Pavements.
CR  - Foltz, R. B., and M. Truebe. 2003. "Locally Available Aggregate and Sediment Production." Transportation Research Record 185-193.
CR  - Giroud, J.P., and Jie Han. 2004. "Design Method for Geogrid-Reinforced Unpaved Roads. II. Calibration and Applications." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 130 (8): 787-797.
CR  - Goard, Deborah Lynn. 2003. "Characterizing the Spatial Distribution of Short Duration, High Intensity Raingall in the Central Oregon Coast Range." Master's Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed April 10, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9700.
CR  - Hardin, Bobby O. 1985. "Crushing of Soil Particles." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111 (10): 1177-1152.
CR  - Johnson, Michael G., and Robert L. Beschta. 1980. "Logging, Infiltration Capacity, and Surface Erodibility in Western Oregon." Journal of Forestry 78 (6): 334-337.
CR  - Lane, Patrick N. J., and Gary J. Sheridan. 2002. "Impact of an unsealed forest road stream crossing: water quality and sediment sources." Hydrological Processes 2599-2612. doi:10.1002/hyp.1050.
CR  - Langbein, W. B., and S. A. Schumm. 1958. "Yield of Sediment in Relation to Mean Annual Precipitation." American Geophysical Union 39 (6): 1076-1084.
CR  - Lekarp, F., U. Isacsson, and A. Dawson. 2000. "State of the Art. II: Permanent Strain Response of Unbound Aggregates." Journal of Transportation Engineering 126 (1): 76-83.
CR  - Leshchinsky, B., and H. I. Ling. 2013a. "Numerical modeling of behavior of railway ballasted structure with geocell confinement." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 36: 33-43.
CR  - Leshchinsky, B., and Hoe Ling. 2013b. "Effects of Geocell Confinement on Strength and Deformation Behavior of Gravel." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 139 (2): 340-352.
CR  - Luce, Charles H., and Thomas A. Black. 1999. "Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon." Water Resources Research 35 (8): 2561-2570.
CR  - Madej, M. A. 2004. ""How Suspended Organic Sediment Affects Turbidity and Fish Feeding Behavior"." USGS: Sound Waves Monthly Newsletter. no. November 2004. http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2004/11/research2.html.
CR  - Megahan, W. F., and W. J. Kidd. 1972. "Effects of Logging and Loggin Roads on Erosion and Sediment Deposition from Steep Terrain." Journal of Forestry 70 (3): 136-141.
CR  - Miller, Rebecca H. 2014. "Influence of Log Truck Traffic and Road Hydrology on Sediment Yield in Western Oregon." Master's thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed February 5, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/49899.
CR  - OAR-340-041-0036. 2015. "Water Quality Standards: Beneficial Uses, Policies, and Criteria for Oregon." Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, April 15. http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/rules/oars_300/oar_340/340_041.html.
CR  - Pattison, J., Boston, K., & Pyles, M. (2010). Development of a Correlation Model between a 20-kg Clegg Hammer and Field CBR for Measuring Subgrade Strength in Forest Roads in Western Oregon. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 21(1), 12-19.
CR  - Reid, Leslie M., and Thomas Dunne. 1984. "Sediment Production From Forest Road Surfaces." Water Resources Research 1753-1761.
CR  - Sheridan, Gary J., Philip J. Noske, Robyn K. Whipp, and Namal Wijesinghe. 2006. "The effect of truck traffic and road water content on sediment delivery from unpaved forest roads." Hydrological Processes 20: 1683-1699.
CR  - Skaugset, Arne E., Christopher G. Surfleet, Matthew W. Meadows, and Joseph Amann. 2011. "Evaluation of Erosion Prediction Models for Forest Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 3-12.
CR  - Toman, E. M., and A. E. Skaugset. 2011. "Reducing Sediment Production from Forest Roads During Wet-Weather Hauling." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 13-19.
CR  - USDA. 2006. Sedimentary Laboratory Procedures. Redwood Science Laboratory USDA Forest Service.
CR  - Wu, Cho-Sen, Yung-Shan Hong, Yun-Wei Yan, and Bow-Shung Chang. 2006. "Soil-nonwoven geotextile filtration behavior under contact with drainage materials." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 24 (1): 1-10.
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejfe/issue//257197
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/223575
ER  -