@article{article_325086, title={Commerce in time tunnel in the Middle East}, journal={Accounting and Financial History Research Journal}, pages={86–109}, year={2011}, author={Yükçü, Süleyman and Atağan, Gülşah}, keywords={Coin, Trade, the Royal Road}, abstract={The one of the first financial relationships took place at Sardis. Using of the first delivery note occured at the same time as Uruk period at BC 3200. In Mesopotamia, a hollow sphere made of clay which was name is Bulla belonging to that period, a special closed containers which were used to against attack of variety of goods were found. The clay placed on the containers called Cretula that indicates the type and amount of goods used for first delivery note. Cretula has icons which are showing the type and amount of goods. “Is there a posibility to make profit (or loss) for a person who exchange in period before the change in the money?” a question in the form may be answered by a scenario like that: A person who picked up lots of apples wants to sell and exchange them with the other ones. We suppose that the person have gotten one each scale of grain (like wheat, barley and corn) in reply to give the ten pieces of apples. Apple is more undurable good than grain. It should be consumed quickly. Grain is more durable than the other ones. We suppose that after saving the containers of wheat for a while, when the person needs fruits, have sold a container of wheat in reply to give 13 apples. In this situation, a container of wheat which got in reply to give 10 apples have sold the other person for 13 apples. A person who performed the exchange made profit by 13 apples-10 apples=3 apples. In this period, profit has been measured by amount of good due to not to have the concept of money. In ancient times, the part of western Anatolia surrounded by Caria in south, Phrygia in east, Aeolia and Ionia in west, and mounts Temnos (Demirci) and Dindymos (Murat) was called Lydia. Kingdom of Lydia, which emerged suddenly in the first half of 7th century BC, is still one of the most interesting cultures of Asia Minor. Lydian Kingdom was neither totally eastern nor totally western. Our knowledge on Lydia is based on old Greek legends. During the reign of Croesus, units of golden coins were fixed. As a result of these regulations made in field of coin unit, a more precise way of payment emerged. The first money was coined under the reign of Lydian King Croesus in the form of broad beans made of an alloy of gold and silver called electron. Once invented in the Kingdom of Lydia, coin surpassed the scope of Asia Minor and rapidly spread among the other countries around the Mediterranean. The most important contribution of Lydians in history is their invention of money. In order to improve trade, kings and ruler of countries and cities constructed the Royal Road. Invention of money in Anatolia and construction of the Royal Road coincide. This two events had contributed to the development of trade to a significant extent.}, number={1}, publisher={Oktay Güvemli Muhasebe ve Finans Tarihi Vakfı (MUFTAV)}