TY - JOUR TT - Underground Structures, Rock Structures and Rock Mechanics fFrom Ancient Era to the Modern Age AU - Akış, Ebru AU - Satıcı, Özgür PY - 2017 DA - December DO - 10.24232/jmd.344499 JF - Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi PB - TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası WT - DergiPark SN - 1016-9172 SP - 155 EP - 172 VL - 41 IS - 2 KW - Antik yeraltı kaya yapıları KW - kaya mekaniği tarihçesi KW - kaya mühendisliği KW - kaya mekaniği uygulamaları N2 - Usage of underground space is an old habit for humanbeings from the ancient era. Our ancestors have used caves as a shelter forprotection from the wild life and nature and they excavated caves to extractvaluable minerals. They also used them as sanctuaries, tombs or for storage ofgoods. In addition, they built tunnels to be used as assault systems or tounderpass fortifications during ancient warfare. Later on, tunnels were drivento supply water to the towns or to protect the towns from floods. They alsobuilt them for communication purposes. Though not knowing the exact time whenthey were first used, natural underground structures, which have severalinterconnections, were also built for underground dwelling purposes through thehuman history. In the following centuries, due to the need of transportationfacilities, transportation tunnelswereconstructed, where newexcavation techniques were also used. Navigation canal tunnels, railway tunnelsand road tunnels were constructed during that period. All these structures weremostly excavated in rocks. The first excavations were performed manually. Lateron, to excavate more easily, fire technique had been used. This was followed bythe methods in which gunpowder, explosives and tunneling machinery were used.By some means or other, ancient civilizations had used fundamental principlesof rock mechanics and applied these principles in the construction of theunderground structures. Principles of rock mechanics are the sine qua non forall of these structures and facilities. 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