TY - JOUR T1 - Barriers Faced in Effective Training Transfer: A Research on Foreign Students TT - Eğitim Tranferinde Karşılaşılan Güçlükler: Yabancı Öğrenciler Üzerinde Yapılan Bir Araştırma AU - Aydoğan, Enver AU - Khalfan, Khalid Mutasim PY - 2018 DA - May DO - 10.17134/khosbd.427025 JF - Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi PB - Millî Savunma Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 1303-6831 SP - 1 EP - 46 VL - 17 IS - 1 LA - en AB - Abstract Training is one ofthe frequently used strategy for introducing change, developing human capitaland improving organizational performances. However, the concern over traininginitiatives has been and still is the transfer and use of training content tothe work environment as substantiated by literature from disciplines such aspsychology, education and management. The training transfer (TT) environmentwhere training is to be used is considered one of the most importantdeterminant of TT as it either facilitate TT or inhibits it. Therefore, thetrainee’s positive perception of the TT climate has the potential to positivelyfacilitate their transfer of training content to the work environment and viceversa. The purpose of this research study was to investigate the trainees’perception of the factors at the TT environment that facilitated or inhibited(barriers faced) the transfer of Turkish language learnt from Gazi TÖMER to therelevant environment. In the process, establishing the support that wasreceived from the various Human Resource actors at the TT environment inenhancing the general TT outcomes. This was done with the believe that, theexperience gained from this study would be used in bettering TT initiatives inunderdeveloped African countries where training projects for povertyalleviation and sensitization of communities on development related concernshave in most cases failed to bear fruits partly due to TT environmental issues.In a semi-structured interview process, a total of forty former Gazi TÖMERforeign students who undertook a Turkish language proficiency training betweenthe year 2014 and 2015 were individually interviewed. The findings suggestedthat, the trainees positively perceived the TT environment leading to thetransfer of Turkish language mainly as a result of the support provided by thevarious Human Resource actors at the TT environment. Basing on the aims of theTÖMER training, there was a reported low transfer of academic Turkish mainlydue to training design problem, trainees’ characteristics and language transferrequiring time to fully be transferred to the environment. KW - Training Transfer KW - Work Environment N2 - Öz Eğitim; insan sermayesinin geliştirilmesi,örgütsel performansın iyileştirilmesi ve değişimigetirmek için sıklıkla kullanılan stratejilerden birisidir. Bununla birlikte,eğitim inisiyatiflerinin odaklandığı konu eğitim içeriklerinin iş çevresinetransferi ve kullanımı konusudur. Bu konuda eğitim psikolojisi ve yönetimdisiplinleri alanyazını önemlidir. Eğitimin kullanılacağı eğitim transfer (ET)çevresi (öğrenme ortamı), ET’nin kolaylaştırıcılığı ya da sınırlayıcılığıyönüyle en önemli belirleyicilerden birisidir. Eğiticilerin (eğitimde görevalanların) ET iklimini olumlu algılamaları, eğitim içeriğinin iş çevresineaktarılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır ancak bunun tersi de mümkündür. Buaraştırmanın amacı, yabancı (Türkçe eğitimi alan) öğrencilerin Türkçeyi transferinde,öğrenme ortamında öğrenmeyi engelleyen veya kolaylaştıran faktörleri(karşılaşılan güçlükleri) nasıl algıladıklarını araştırmaktır. Bu süreçte,genel ET çıktılarının arttırılmasında ET ortamındaki farklı İnsan Kaynaklarıaktörlerinden alınan destek ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu araştırmadan elde edilecekdeneyimler gelişmekte olan Afrika ülkelerindeki eğitim transferi girişimlerininiyileştirilebileceği umudunu taşımaktadır. Yoksulluğun azaltılması vetoplumların gelişmeye ilişkin duyarlılıkları adına eğitim projeleri önemlidirancak  ET çevresindeki koşullar yüzündenbazen başarısızlıklar da yaşanmaktadır.2014-2015 yıllarında Gazi TÖMER’deTürkçe Dil eğitimini tamamlayan 40 yabancı öğrenciyle yarı-yapılandırılmışgörüşme yöntemi kullanılarak bireysel görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgulargöstermektedir ki, ET çevresindeki farklı İnsan Kaynakları aktörleri tarafındansağlanan desteğin bir sonucu olarak temel Türkçe öğreniminin kazanımında olumlueğitim transfer çevresi önemli bir unsur olarak algılanmaktadır. TÖMER örneğiele alındığında katılımcılar, dilin çevrede tam olarak kullanılabilmesi içindil öğrenim zamanına daha fazla ihtiyaç duyduklarını, katılımcılarınözellikleri açışından eğitim tasarım sorunu olduğu bu nedenle akademik Türkçetransferinin düşük düzeyde gerçekleştiğini ifade etmektedir. CR - References CR - Books CR - Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of human resource management practice, (Tenth edition). London United Kingdom and Philadelphia, USA: Kogan Page. ISBN 0-7494-4631-5. Broad, L. M., and Newstrom, W. J. (1992). Transfer of Training: Action-Packed Strategies to ensure high pay off from training investments. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Dessler, G. (2013). Human Resource Management (Thirteenth edition). New Jersey: Pearson Education. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-266821-7. Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative Data Analysis: A User-Friendly Guide for Social Scientists. New York USA: Routledge, London and Routledge. ISBN 0-203-41249-4. Laird D. (2003). Approaches to Training and Development (Third Edition). In N. S. Sharon and H. F. Elwood (Eds). New York USA: Basic Books, a member of the Perseus books group, ISBN 9-7382-0698-9. Noe, A. R. (2010). Employee Training and Development (Fifth edition). New York USA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-353034-5. Patton, Q. M. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (third edition). Sage Publication, London, ISBN 0-7619-1971-6. Senge, M. P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. ISBN 0-385-26095-4. CR - Articles CR - Baldwin, T. T. and Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel psychology, 41(1), 63-105. Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T. and Huang, J. L. (2010). Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of management, 36(4), 1065-1105. Cheng, W. L. E., and Ho C.K.D. (2001). A review of transfer of training studies in The past decade, Personnel Review, 30 (1), 102-118. Devers, J. K., and Frankel, M. R. (2000). Study Design in Qualitative Research—2: Sampling and Data Collection Strategies. Education for Health, 13 (2), 263–271. Ford, J. K., and Weissbein, A. D. (2007). Transfer of Training: An updated Review and analysis, Performance Improvement Quarterly, 10(2), 22- 41. Foxon, M. (1993). A process approach to the transfer of training, Part 1: The impact of motivation and supervisor support on transfer maintenance. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 9(2). Grossman, R., and Salas, E. (2011). The Transfer of Training: What Really Matter?. International Journal of Training and Development, 15 (2), 103-120. Holton III, F.E., Bates, A.R., Seyler, L. D., and Carvalho, B. M. (1997). Toward Construct Validation of a Transfer Climate Instrument. Human Resources Development Quarterly, 8 (2), 95-113. Hunter-Johnson, Y. O. (2013). When training is not enough: An appeal to the work environment for transfer of training in the Bahamian police force. International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 19(1), 3-14. Khan, I., Mufti, S., and Nazir, A. N. (2015). “Transfer of Training: A Reorganized Review on Work Environment and Motivation to Transfer”, International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, 4(2), 197–219. Wen, M. L. Y., & Lin, D. Y. C. (2014). How supportive transfer climate affects individual’s motivation to training transfer. International Journal of Learning and Development, 4(1), 83-97. Thesis CR - Babkina, M. (2014). Training Transfer Improvement at Organizational Level, A Master’s Thesis, Department of International Business Management, Saima University of Applied Sciences, Lappeenranta. Baharim, B. S. (2008). The Influence of Knowledge Sharing on Motivation to Transfer Training: A Malaysian Public Sector Context. A PhD Thesis, School of Management Faculty of Business and Law Victoria University Melbourne, Australia. Bharti, D. (2007). Factors that Influence Transfer of Hazardous material Training: The perception of selected Fire-Fighter Trainees and Supervisors. A PhD Thesis, Department of Educational Research, Technology and Leadership in the College of Education at University of Central Florida, Orlando Florida USA. Edwards, J. S. (2013). Factors affecting training transfer in supervisors and hourly Employees in a manufacturing organization. A PhD thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. Kanu, Y. (2003). Leadership Development Training Transfer: A Case Study Assessment of Exterior Post-Training Factors of a Year Long Leadership Development Program, A Master’s Degree Thesis, the Faculty of Business Administration, Simon Fraser University. Leberman, I. S. (1999). The Transfer of Learning from Classroom to the Work Place: A New Zealand case study. A PhD Thesis, the Victoria University of Wellington. Williams, J. D. (2008). An Analysis of the Factors Affecting Training Transfer within the work Environment, A PhD Thesis, Department of System and Engineering Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio USA, AFİT/GİR/ENV/08-M25. Internet Sources CR - Hosein, N. I. (August, 2016). The Turkish coup: from Russia with love to last Until the great wars. The state of Turkish economic development under the current regime. http://www.imranhosein.org/articles/islam-and- politics/557-the-turkish-coup-for-russia-from-turkey-with-enough-love-to- last-until-the-great-war.html. UR - https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.427025 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/477866 ER -