TY  - JOUR
T1  - Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive  Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination
TT  - Başkalarını ve Kendini Affetme: Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar, Empati ve Ruminasyonun Yordayıcı Rolü
AU  - Ascıoglu Onal, Aslı
AU  - Yalcın, İlhan
PY  - 2017
DA  - March
JF  - Eurasian Journal of Educational Research
PB  - Özer DAŞCAN
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1302-597X
SP  - 97
EP  - 120
VL  - 17
IS  - 68
LA  - en
AB  - Purpose: People encounter many hurtful experiences in daily life. Hurtfulexperiences lead to negative emotions such as anger, revenge, shame, and guilt,and people need to overcome these experiences effectively in order to protecttheir mental health. Unforgiveness proves to be one of the most importantsources of stress in an individual’s life, and forgiveness, on the other hand,is acknowledged as an effective coping mechanism that can be utilised in copingwith this stressful mood. The purpose of this study was to investigatethe predictive role of interpersonal cognitive distortions, empathy, andrumination on levels of self-forgiveness and forgiveness of others. ResearchMethods: The study was carried out with 527 university students. TheHeartland Forgiveness Scale, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, short form ofRumination Scale, Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale, and PersonalInformation Form were used in order to collect data for the study. StepwiseMultiple Regression Analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings: The resultsshowedthatwhere forgiveness of others was taken as a dependent variable in the regressionmodel, cognitive distortions for interpersonal rejection, perspective taking,and empathic concern were significant predictors of forgiveness of others.Furthermore, in the model where self-forgiveness was chosen as a dependentvariable, rumination and personal distress were found to be significantpredictors of self-forgiveness. Implications for Research and Practice: Basedon the results, during theforgiveness-based counseling interventions or psychoeducational programs, itcan be more effective that practitioners consider related features or createmodules based on these psychological constructs.
KW  - forgiveness process
KW  - interpersonal rejection
KW  - perspective taking
KW  - ruminative thinking
N2  - Problem Durumu: Kişilerarası etkileşimin kaçınılmaz olduğu günümüztoplumunda; bireyler, başkaları tarafından incitildikleri ya da başkalarınıincittikleri yaşantılarla sıklıkla karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. İncinme ya daincitme yaşantıları; öfke, intikam, suçluluk, utanç gibi olumsuz duygularıberaberinde getirmekte ve bireyin bu tür deneyimlerle etkili bir şekilde başedememesi, depresyon ve kaygı gibi ruh sağlığı sorunları yaşamasıylasonuçlanabilmektedir. Affedememe, bireyin yaşamındaki önemli streskaynaklarından biri olarak görülmektedir. Affetmeise, bu stresli duygu durumuyla başa çıkmada kullanılabilecek etkili birmekanizma olarak kabul edilmektedir. Affetmenin terapötik bir araç olarakpsikolojik danışma uygulamalarında kullanılabilmesi için, öncelikle bireylerinkendilerini ya da başkalarını affetmeleriyle ilişkili faktörlerin nelerolduğunun ortaya konulması gerekmektedir. Özellikle Batılı toplumlardankökenini alarak geliştirilmiş olan modellerin çoğunda; affetme ile ilişkiliolduğu düşünülen özelliklerden birinin empati olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Empative empatinin alt boyutları ile başkalarını affetme arasındaki ilişkileri ortayakoyan çalışmalar bulunmakla birlikte, toplulukçu ya da ilişkisel kültürlerdesöz konusu değişkenler arasındaki bağlantıları inceleyen çalışmaların görecesınırlı sayıda olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Özellikle kendini affetme ile empatiarasındaki ilişkilerin, gerek kuramsal gerekse ampirik çalışmalarla yeterinceincelenmediği görülmektedir. Alanyazında, affetme sürecinde etkili olduğuna vurguyapılan bir diğer psikolojik özellik ise ruminasyondur.
CR  - Akin, M., Ozdevecioglu, M., & Unlu, O. (2012). The relationship between revenge intention and forgiveness tendency with mental health of employees in organizations. Public Administration Journal, 45(1),77-97.
CR  - Alpay, A. (2009). Yakin iliskilerde bagislama: Bagislamanin baglanma, benlik saygisi, empati ve kiskanclik degiskenleri yonunden incelenmesi [Forgiveness in close relationships: The investigatement of forgiveness in terms of attachment, self-esteem, empathy, and romantic jealousy]. Unpublished master's thesis, Ankara University Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara.
CR  - Ayten, A. (2009). Affedicilik ve din: Affetme egilimi ve dindarlikla iliskisi uzerine ampirik bir arastirma [Forgivingness and religion: An empirical study about forgiveness inclination and religiosity]. M.U. Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi, 37(2), 111-128.
CR  - Barber, L., Maltby, J., & Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 253-262.
CR  - Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guildford.
CR  - Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73, 1-43.
CR  - Bono, G., & McCullough, M. E. (2006). Positive responses to benefit and harm: Bringing forgiveness and gratitude into cognitive psychotherapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 20(2), 147-158.
CR  - Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 759-771.
CR  - Bugay, A. (2010). Investigation of social-cognitive, emotional and behavioral variables as predictors of self-forgiveness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University Graduate School of Social Science, Ankara.
CR  - Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of Heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931.
CR  - Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2011, October). Yasam doyumu ile affetme arasindaki iliskide ruminasyonun araci rolu [The mediator role of the rumination in the relationship among satisfaction with life and forgiveness. Paper presented at the XI. National Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress, Ege University, İzmir.
CR  - Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2012). Affetme arttirilabilinir mi?: Affetme gelistirme grubu [Can be forgiveness increased?: Forgiveness enrichment group]. Turk Psikolojik Danisma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 96-106.
CR  - Burnette, J. L., Davis, D. E., Green, J. D., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Bradfield, E. (2009). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 276-280.
CR  - Burnette, J. L., Taylor, K. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Forsyth, D. R. (2007). Attachment and trait forgivingness: The mediating role of angry rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1585-1596.
CR  - Cioni, P. F. (2007). Forgiveness, cognitive restructuring and object transformation. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(3), 385-397.
CR  - Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Rice, K. G., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2015). Making a decision to forgive. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2),  280.
CR  - Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85-104.
CR  - DiBlasio, F. A. (2000). Decision-based forgiveness treatment in cases of marital infidelity. Psychotherapy, 37(2), 149-158.
CR  - Engeler, A., & Yargic, L. I. (2007). Kisilerarasi tepkisellik indeksi: Empatinin cok boyutlu olcumu [Interpersonal Reactivity Index: Multidimensional measuring of empathy]. New Symposium Journal, 45 (3), 119-127.
CR  - Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, 
DC: American Psychological Association.
CR  - Enright, R. D., Freedman, S., & Rique, J. (1998). The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In R. D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Exploring forgiveness (pp. 46-62). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
CR  - Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In W. Kurtines & J. Gerwirtz (Ed.), Handbook of Moral Behavior Development (Vol. 1, pp. 123-152). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
CR  - Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107-126.
CR  - Erdur-Baker, O., & Bugay, A. (2012). The Turkish version of the ruminative response scale: An examination of its reliability and validity. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 1-16.
CR  - Friedberg, J. P., Suchday, S., & Srinivas, V. S. (2009). Relationship between forgiveness and psychological and physiological indices in cardiac patients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 205-211.
CR  - Goldman, D. B. (2010). Gender role orientation and the role of empathy in interventions promoting the development of interpersonal forgiveness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, USA.
CR  - Goldman, D. B., & Wade, N. G. (2012). Comparison of forgiveness and anger-reduction group treatments: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, 22(5), 604-620.
CR  - Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H., & Snyder, D. K. (2000). The use of forgiveness in marital therapy. In M. McCullough, K. I. Pargament & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 203-227). New York: Guilford Press.
CR  - Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self–forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621-637.
CR  - Hamamci, Z., & Buyukozturk, S. (2003). İliskilerle ilgili bilissel carpitmalar olcegi: Olcegin gelistirilmesi ve psikometrik ozelliklerinin incelenmesi [The Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale: Development of the scale and investigation of its psychometric characteristics]. 
Cukurova Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 2(25),  107-111.
CR  - Hepp-Dax, S. H. (1996). Forgiveness as an educational goal with fifth grade inner-city children, Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Fordham University, New York.
CR  - Hodgson, L. K., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007). Does good emotion management aid forgiving? Multiple dimensions of empathy, emotion management and forgiveness of self and others. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(6), 931-949.
CR  - Holmgren, M. R. (1998). Self-forgiveness and responsible moral agency. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 32, 75-91.
Hui, E. K. P., & Chau, T. S. (2009). The impact of a forgiveness intervention with Hong Kong Chinese children hurt in interpersonal relationships. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 37(2), 141-156.
CR  - Ingersoll-Dayton, B., & Krause, N. (2005). Self-forgiveness: A component of mental health in later life. Research on Aging, 27(3), 267-289.
CR  - Karremens, J. C., & Smith, P. K. (2010). Having the power to forgive: When the experience of power increases interpersonal forgiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(8), 1010-1023.
CR  - Konstam, V., Chernoff, M., & Deveney, S. (2001). Toward forgiveness: The role of shame, guilt, anger, and empathy. Counseling and Values, 46, 26-39.
CR  - Konstam, V., Holmes W., & Levine, B. (2003). Empathy, selfism, and coping as elements of the psychology of forgiveness: A preliminary study. Counseling and Values, 47, 172-183.
CR  - Lawler-Row, K. A., Karremans, J. C., Scott, C., Edlis-Matityahou, M., & Edwards, L. (2008). Forgiveness, physiological reactivity and health: The role of anger. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 68, 51-58.
CR  - Louden-Gerber, G. M. (2008). A group forgiveness intervention for adult male homeless individuals: Effects on forgiveness, rumination, and social connectedness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas, San Antonio.
CR  - Luskin, F. (2002). Forgive for good: A proven prescription for health and happiness. New York: Harper.
CR  - Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 663-667.
CR  - Malcolm, W., Warwar, S., & Greenberg, L. (2005). Facilitating forgiveness in individual therapy as an approach to resolving interpersonal injuries. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 379-391). New York: Routledge.
CR  - Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., & Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability, and general health. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 881-885.
CR  - McCullough, M. E., Bono, G., & Root, L. M. (2007). Rumination, emotion, and forgiveness: Three longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 490-505.
CR  - McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000). The psychology of forgiveness: History, conceptual issues, and overview. In
CR  - M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament & C. E. Thoresen (Ed.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 1-14). New York: Guilford Press.
CR  - McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586-1603.
CR  - Mellor, D., Fung, S. W. T., & Mamat, N. H. (2012). Forgiveness, empathy and gender-A malaysian perspective. Sex Roles, 67, 98–107.
CR  - Menahem, S., & Love, M. (2013). Forgiveness in psychotherapy: The key to healing. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 69(8), 829-835.
CR  - Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2011). Forgiveness: A cognitive-motivational anatomy. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 41(3), 260-290.
CR  - Navidian, A., & Bahari, F. (2013). The impact of mixed, hope and forgiveness focused marital counselling on interpersonal cognitive distortions of couples filing for divorce. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 1-9, doi: 10.1111/jpm.12058.
CR  - Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychology Bulletin, 101(2), 259-282.
CR  - Rangganadhan, A., & Todorov, N. (2010). Personality and self-forgiveness: The roles of shame, guilt, empathy and conciliatory behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(1), 1-22.
CR  - Rashid, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: A strength-based approach. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 25-40.
CR  - Safran, J. D., & Segal, Z. V. (2004). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. Lanham: Jason Aronson.
CR  - Sandage, S. J., & Worthington, Jr., E. L. (2010). Comparison of two group interventions to promote forgiveness: Empathy as a mediator of change. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 32(1), 35–57.
CR  - Sari, E. (2014). Affetmenin kendini gerceklestirme uzerindeki etkileri [Effects of forgiveness on self actualization). Ilkoğretim Online, 13(4), 1493-1501.
CR  - Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
CR  - Stoia-Caraballo, R., Rye, M. S., Pan, W., Kirschman, K. J. B., Lutz-Zois, C., & Lyons, A. M. (2008). Negative affect and anger rumination as mediators between forgiveness and sleep quality. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 478-488.
CR  - Suchday, S., Friedberg, J. P., & Almeida, M. (2006). Forgiveness and rumination: A cross cultural perspective comparing India and the USA. Stress and Health, 22, 81-89.
CR  - Tagney, J. P., Boone, A. L., & Dearing, R. (2005). Forgiving the self: Conceptual issues and empirical findings. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 143-158). New York: Routledge.
CR  - Taysi, E. (2007). İkili iliskilerde bagislama: Evlilik kalitesi ve yuklemelerin rolu [Forgiveness in dyadic relationships: The role of relationship quality and attributions]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ankara University Graduate School of Social Science, Ankara.
CR  - Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., & Billings, L. S. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313-359.
CR  - Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259.
CR  - Turnage, B. F., Hong, Y. J., Stevenson, A. P., & Edwards, B. (2012). Social work students’ perceptions of themselves and others: Self-Esteem, empathy, and forgiveness. Journal of Social Service Research, 38(1), 89-99.
CR  - Waltman, M. A., Russell, D. C., Coyle, C. T., Enright, R. D., Holter, A. C., & Swoboda, C. M. (2009). The effects of a forgiveness intervention on patients with coronary artery disease. Psychology and Health, 24(1),11-27.
CR  - Woodyatt, L., & Wenzel, M. (2013). Self-forgiveness and restoration of an offender following an interpersonal transgression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(2), 225-259.
CR  - Worthington, E. L., Jr. (1998). The pyramid model of forgiveness: Some interdisciplinary speculations about unforgiveness and the promotion of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 107-137). 
Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
CR  - Worthington, E. L. (2005). Initial questions about the art and science of forgiving. In E. L. Worthington (Eds.). Handbook of forgiveness (p. 1-13). New York: Routledge.
CR  - Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2006). Forgiveness and reconciliation: Theory and application. New York, NY: Routledge.
CR  - Worthington, E. L. Jr., (2013). Self-condemnation and self-forgiveness. Bibliotheca Sacra, 170, 387-399.
CR  - Worthington, E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19(3), 385-405.
CR  - Yalcin, I., & Malkoc, A. (2015). The relationship between meaning in life and subjective well being: Forgiveness and hope as mediators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 915-929.
CR  - Yildirim, A. (2009). Baglanma stilleri ile bagislama arasindaki iliskide sorumluluk yuklemelerinin araci rolu [Linking attachment styles to forgiveness: The mediating role of responsibility attributions] Unpublished master's thesis, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Science, Ankara.
CR  - Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2007). Rumination: Bridging a gap between forgivingness, vengefulness, and psychological health. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1573-1584.
CR  - Zechmeister, J. S., & Romero, C. (2002). Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and unforgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 675-686.
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejer/issue//511299
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/623674
ER  -