TY - JOUR TT - Early Bronze Age Plain Simple Wares of Tilbeshar (Turkey): Archaeometric Characterization AU - Bayazit, Murat AU - Çağine, Didem AU - Genç, Elif PY - 2019 DA - June Y2 - 2019 DO - 10.17798/bitlisfen.511354 JF - Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi PB - Bitlis Eren University WT - DergiPark SN - 2147-3129 SP - 484 EP - 495 VL - 8 IS - 2 LA - en KW - Archaeometry KW - Spectroscopy KW - Characterization KW - Ceramic KW - Tilbeshar (Turkey) N2 - The present study reports the results obtained through an archaeometricinvestigation on representative Early Bronze Age plain simple wares ofTilbeshar which is located almost 32 kmsoutheast of Gaziantep (Turkey). The samples were characterized by XRD (X-raydiffraction), thin section (optical microscopy), FTIR (Fourier TransformedInfrared Spectroscopy), TG-DTA (Thermogravimetric Differential ThermalAnalysis) and SEM/EDX (scanning electron microcopy/energy dispersive X-rayspectroscopy). The chemical composition of the samples showed that thepotsherds possessed high amount of CaO indicating use of calcareous clays.Proving this data XRD, TG-DTA and FTIR analyses revealed the presence ofcalcite, as well. Considering the mineral/phase contents of the samples, thefiring temperature of the potsherds was found to change in the range of 700-900oC.The appearance of neo-formations for most of thesamples suggested a firing temperature range of 800-900oC for suchpotsherds. SEM images of the samples showed that there was a verylow partial vitrification for some of the samples, while it was not observedfor the others. This observation approved the firing temperature ranges of thesamples. Petrography results suggested that the main rock type for the potsherdswas basalt (igneous rock) and the raw materials likely originated from maficrocks. Taking into account the whole data and the geological formation of theregion, it was predicted that the potsherds likely belonged to a localproduction. CR - Genç E. 2018. Doğanpınar Barajı Tilbaşar Höyük 2016 yılı kazısı, 39. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (22-26 Mayıs 2017, Bursa), 1. Cilt, 159-172. CR - Tilbaşar Höyük kazı arşivi. 2018. CR - Kepinski C., Bulgan F. 2007. Research at Tilbeshar in 2005 City from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, 28. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2. Cilt (29 Mayıs-2 Haziran 2006 Çanakkale), Ankara, 733-742. CR - Krapukaityte A., Tautkus S., Kareiva A., Zalieckiene E. 2008. Thermal Analysis – A powerful tool for the characterization of pottery, Chemija, 19 (2): 4-8. CR - Merkevicius A., Bezdicka P., Juskenas R., Kiuberis J., Senvaitiene J., Pakutinskiene I.,Kareiva A. 2007. XRD and SEM characterization of archeological findings excavated in Lithuania, Chemija, 18: 36-39. CR - Bayazit M., Işık, I., Issi, A. 2015. Investigating the firing technologies of Part-Roman potsherds excavated from Kuriki (Turkey) using thermal and vibrational spectroscopic techniques, Vibrational Spectroscopy, 78: 1-11. CR - Bayazit M. 2018. Archaeometric study of possible Ninevite-5 pottery from upper Tigris region using SEM-EDS, PEDXRF and OM, X-Ray Spectrometry, 47: 92-104. CR - Loehman, R.E. 1993. Characterization of Ceramics, Butterworth-Heinemann. Reed-Elsevier Inc. CR - Issi A., Raškovska A., Kara A., Grupce O., Minčeva-Šukarova B., Okyar F. 2011. Scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy of slip layers of Hellenistic ceramic wares from Dorylaion/Turkey, Ceram. Int., 37: 1879-1887. CR - MTA. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/hizmetler/maden-haritalari/kahramanmaras.pdf (Accessed date 04.12.2018). CR - MTA. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/hizmetler/maden-haritalari/sanliurfa.pdf (Accessed date 04.12.2018). CR - MTA. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/hizmetler/maden-haritalari/osmaniye.pdf (Accessed date 04.12.2018). CR - MTA. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/hizmetler/maden-haritalari/Antakya.pdf (Accessed date 04.12.2018). CR - MTA. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/hizmetler/maden-haritalari/gaziantep.pdf (Accessed date 04.12.2018). CR - MTA. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/hizmetler/maden-haritalari/kilis.pdf (Accessed date 04.12.2018). CR - MTA. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/hizmetler/maden-haritalari/adiyaman.pdf (Accessed date 04.12.2018). CR - Cultrone G., Rodriguez-Navarro C., Sebastian E., Cazalla O., De La Torre M.J. 2001. Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing, Eur. J. Mineral., 13: 621-634. CR - Iordanidis A., Garcia-Guinea J., Karamitrou-Mentessidi G. 2009. Analytical study of ancient pottery from the archaeological site of Aiani, northern Greece, Mater. Charact., 60: 292-302. CR - Shoval S, Beck P, Yadin E. 2006. The ceramic technology used in the manufac-ture of Iron Age pottery from Galilee. In: Maggetti M, Messiga B, editors.Geomaterials in cultural heritage, vol. 257. London: The British GeologicalSociety Publishing House, 101-117. CR - Fabbri B., Gualtieri S., Shoval, S. 2014. The presence of calcite in archeological ceramics, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 34: 1899-1911. CR - Farmer V.C. 1974. Infrared Spectra of Minerals, Mineralogical Society, London. CR - Afremow L.C., Vandeberg J.T. 1966. High resolution spectra of inorganic pigments and extenders in the mid infrared region from 1500 cm–1 to 200 cm–1. J. Paint Technol., 38: 169-202. CR - Kieffer S.W. 1979. Thermodynamics and lattice vibrations of minerals: 2. Vibrational characteristics of silicates, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 17: 20-34. CR - Shoval S. 2003. Using FT-IR spectroscopy for study of calcareous ancient ceramics, Optical Materials 24: 117-122. CR - Dowty E. 1987. Vibrational interaction of tetrahedra in silicate glasses and crystals: II. Calculation on melilites, piroxenes, silica polymorphs and feldspars, Phys. Chem. Minerals, 14: 122–138. CR - Rutstein M.S., White W.B. 1971. Vibrational spectra of high-calcium piroxenes and piroxenoids, Am. Mineral., 56: 877–887. CR - Van der Weerd J., Smith G.D., Firth S., Clark R.J.H. 2004. Identification of black pigments on prehistoric Southwest American potsherds by infrared and Raman microscopy, J. Archaeol. Sci., 31: 1429-1437. CR - Loftfield T.C. 1976. A Brief and True Report: An Archaeological Interpretation of the Southern North Carolina Coast (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation) Department of anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. CR - Saffer M. 1979. Aboriginal Clay Resource Utilization of the Georgia Coast (M.A. thesis) Department of anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. CR - Rice P.M. 1987. Pottery analysis: A sourcebook, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. CR - Meyvel S., Sathya P., Velraj G. 2012. Thermal characterization of archaeological pot sherds recently excavated in Nedunkur, Tamilnadu, India, Cerâmica, 58: 338-341. UR - https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.511354 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/746930 ER -