TY  - JOUR
T1  - LEXICAL COHESION IN SADEGH HEDAYAT’S LETTERS: THE EFFECT OF BIPOLAR MOOD DISORDER
AU  - Ghatreh, Fariba
AU  - Esmaeelpour, Elmira
PY  - 2019
DA  - September
DO  - 10.18769/ijasos.591911
JF  - IJASOS- International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences
JO  - IJASOS
PB  - OCERINT International Organization Center of Academic Research
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2411-183X
SP  - 908
EP  - 914
VL  - 5
IS  - 14
LA  - en
AB  - This paper makesan attempt to investigate the effect of bipolar mood disorder on the basis of usingthe lexical cohesion elements (that is, repetition, synonymy, antonymy,hyponymy, and collocation) in a case study approach based on the fact that approximatelyone percent of people suffer from this kind of affective disorder.Specifically, a large number of artists are afflicted by the very disorder presumablydue to their creativity. The private letters of Sadegh Hedayat, mostly known asan Iranian eminent writer suffering from bipolar mood disorder, to ShahidNourai, one of his friends, are selected as the material of the study. Theaddressee is kept fixed noticeably to remove the effective linguistic features.Sadegh Hedayat’s letters have been studied regarding mentioned linguisticelements in terms of two major bipolar mood disorder episodes (that is to say,hypomanic and depressive). In the study, all the letters related to hypomanicand depressive episodes are investigated using the elements of lexical cohesion.Furthermore, all the words on the basis of the elements with respect to variousties, i.e. immediate, mediate, and remote, are counted and the averages areevaluated using SPSS with the aim of finding any noteworthy result to discoverwhether specific psychological mood affects the use of certain lexical cohesionelements or not. Moreover, it explores whether there is any significant differencebetween bipolar mood disorder and schizophrenia on the basis of previousstudies. The statistical analysis shows a highly significant differenceconcerning antonymy and hyponymy between hypomania and depression. Nosignificant difference is found with respect to repetition, synonymy, andcollocation. In addition, the results suggest that the text analyzed in theresearch is cohesive as regards bipolar mood disorder in contrast to thosestudies conducted related to schizophrenia.
KW  - antonymy
KW  - bipolar mood disorder
KW  - hyponmy
KW  - lexicalcohesion
KW  - schizophrenia
CR  - Clark, L., Iversen, S.D., Goodwin, G.M. (2001). “The Influence of Positive and Negative Mood States on Risk Taking, Verbal Fluency, and Salivary Cortisol”. Journal of Affective Disorders, 63, 179-187.
Esmaeelpour, E & Sasani F. (2016). “The Effect of Bipolar Mood Disorder on Sadegh Hedayat's Letters”. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 45, 367-377. DOI: 10.1007/s10936-015-9355-5
Esmaeelpour, E & Ghatreh. F, Nourbakhsh. M. (2017). “Linguistic Study of Negative Affixes in Sadegh Hedayat’s Letters: The Effect of Bipolar Mood Disorder”. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46, 1385-1395.  DOI: 10.1007/s10936-017-9503-1
Fadai, F. (2009). “Sadegh Hedayat from the Descriptive Psychiatry Viewpoint”. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3, 19-26. 
Goss, J. (2006). “Poetics of Bipolar Disorder”. Pragmatics & Cognition”, 14, 83-110. DOI: 10.1075/pc.14.1.06gos
Halliday, M. & R. Hasan (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.       
Halliday, M. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammer. London: Edward Arnold.
Jamison, K. R. (1995). “Manic-Depressive Illness and Creativity”. Scientific American, 272, 125-134.
Jones, S., Hayward P., & Lam D. (2002). Coping with Bipolar Disorder: A Guide to Living with Manic Depression, Oxford: Oneworld Publication.
Landis, C. (1964). Varieties of Psychopathological Experience, New York:                                            Rinehart and Winston. 
Miklowitz, D. J. (2001). “Bipolar Disorder”, In D. Barlow (ed.), Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders. (pp. 523–562). NY: Guilford Press.
Pakdaman, N. (2000). Sadegh Hedayat: 82 Letters to Hasan Shahid Nouraie (2nd Ed.). Paris: Cheshmandaz (In Persian).
Ragin AB, Oltmanns TF. (1986). “Lexical Cohesion and Formal Thought Disorder       During and After Psychotic Episodes”. J Abnorm Psychol, (95), 181-183. DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.95.2.181
Ragin AB, Oltmanns TF. (1987). “Communicability and Thought Disorder in Schizophrenics and Other Diagnostic Groups: A Follow-up Study”. Br     Psychiatry, 150, 494–500. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.150.4.494
Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2010). Kaplan Pocket Handbook of Clinical Psychiatry (5th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Sanfillippo, L. C., & Hoffman, R.E. (1999). “Language Disorders in The Psychoses”. In F. Fabbro (ed), Concise Encyclopedia of Language Pathology (pp. 400–407). Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Thomas P. (1995). “Thought Disorder or Communication Disorder?      Linguistic Science Provides a New Approach”. Br J Psychiatry, (166), 287–290.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.591911
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/800831
ER  -