TY - JOUR T1 - Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning Algorithms: A Descriptive Analysis of the Digital Threats in the Post-truth Era TT - Büyük Veri, Yapay Zeka ve Makina Öğrenimi Algoritmalar: Hakikat Ötesi Çağda Dijital Tehditlerin Betimleyici bir Analizi AU - Filibeli, Tirse PY - 2019 DA - December Y2 - 2019 DO - 10.16878/gsuilet.626260 JF - Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi PB - Galatasaray University WT - DergiPark SN - 1305-2411 SP - 91 EP - 110 IS - 31 LA - en AB - Didthe utilization of big data change everything about how information circulates?Our digital data have been kept in big warehouses that we name ‘big data’. Allthe things that we do in virtual life leave a digital footprint and thanks tomachine learning algorithms; in our newsfeed, we mostly face contents, whichare similar to the subjects that we looked for before. Big data are being usedfor manipulating people to buy new products, to travel to new places, to readnew books, etc. However, as it emerged in 2016 with Cambridge Analytica Scandalof Facebook, sometimes those technologies construct a threat for democracy. Theunderlying reason is that in our days, big data and AI algorithms have beenused by political campaign managers to manipulate and/or persuade peoplethrough diffusion of promoted ‘false’ contents. The aim of this study, by doinga descriptive analysis of very recent historical events like the failure ofMicrosoft’s AI Tay and Youtube’s effects on the presidential election inBrazil, is to define very current digital threats against democracy.Additionally, to better describe and discuss these digital threats we didsemi-structured interviews with four experts who work on AI algorithms, bigdata, and social engineering. Our analyses and findings that we gathered fromsemi-structured interviews showed that there are several digital threats in thepost-truth era that we live in like digital manipulation, violation of dataprivacy and misuse of big data, personalized search engine algorithms thatcreate filter bubbles, the ease of production and diffusion of fake contents. KW - Digital threats KW - big data KW - artifical intelligence KW - machine learning algorithms KW - disinformation N2 - Büyük verinin kullanımı, bilginin dolaşımına dair herşeyi değiştirdi mi? Dijital verilerimiz “büyük veri” adını verdiğimiz büyükdepolarda saklanıyor. Sanal hayatta yaptığımız her şey dijital bir ayak izibırakıyor ve makine öğrenimi algoritmalar sayesinde; haber akışımızdaçoğunlukla daha önce aradığımız konulara benzer içeriklerle karşılaşıyoruz.Temel olarak büyük veriler, insanları yeni ürünler almaya, yeni yerlere seyahatetmeye, yeni kitaplar okumaya vb. yönlendirmek için kullanılıyor. Bununlabirlikte, 2016'da ilk kez Facebook’un Cambridge Analytica Skandalı ile ortayaçıktığı üzere, bazen bu teknolojiler demokrasi için bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır.Bunun nedeni günümüzde, büyük veri ve yapay zeka algoritmaları politik kampanyayöneticileri tarafından promosyonlu yanlış içeriklerin dolaşıma sokulmasıyoluyla insanları manipüle etmek ve/veya ikna etmek amacıyla kullanılmaktadır.Bu çalışmada, Microsoft’un yapay zekası Tay’in başarısızlığı ve Youtube’unBrezilya’daki cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimleri üzerindeki etkisi gibi son zamanlardakitarihi olayların tanımlayıcı bir analizini yaparak, demokrasiye karşı ortayaçıkan güncel dijital tehditleri tanımladık. Bunun yanı sıra, bu dijitaltehditleri daha iyi tanımlamak ve tartışmak için yapay zeka temellialgoritmalar, büyük veri ve sosyal mühendislik üzerine çalışan dört uzmanlayarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirildi. Yapmış olduğumuz analizler veyarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerden elde etmiş olduğumuz bulgular, içindeyaşadığımız hakikat ötesi çağda sosyal mühendislik, veri gizliliğinin ihlali,filtre baloncukları yaratan kişiselleştirilmiş arama motoru algoritmaları,doğru olmayan içeriklerin üretiminin ve dolaşıma sokulmasının kolaylaşması gibibirçok dijital tehdit bulunduğunu göstermiştir. CR - Amer, K. & Noujaim, J. (2019). The Great Hack. [Documentary Movie]. United States: Netflix. CR - Bartlett, J. (2018). The People vs. Tech. How the internet is killing the democracy (and how we save it). London: Penguin. CR - Bauman, Z. & Lyon, D. (2013). Liquid Surveillance. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN: 978-0-7456-6402-6 CR - Binark, M. (2017). Algoritmaların Yarattığı Yankı Odaları ve Siyasal Katılım Olanağı veya Olanaksızlığı. Varlık Dergisi, 1317, 19-23. CR - Berghel, H. (2018). Malice Domestic: The Cambridge Analytica Dystopia. Computer, 51(5), 84-89. doi: 10.1109/MC.2018.2381135 CR - Bozdag, E. & van den Hoven, J. (2015). Breaking the filter bubble: democracy and design. Ethics and information technology, 17 (249). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9380-y CR - Burns, Axel. (2017). Echo chamber? What echo chamber? Reviewing the evidence. 
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Bots, people like you, trolls, and microtargeting. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.cits.ucsb.edu/fake-news/spread UR - https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.626260 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/905041 ER -