@article{article_945319, title={Digital Literacy as Whole of Digital Competences: Scale Development Study}, journal={Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi}, pages={1–30}, year={2021}, author={Bayrakcı, Serkan and Narmanlıoğlu, Haldun}, keywords={Digital Literacy, Digital Competences, Digital Literacy Scale, New Media, Digital Culture}, abstract={The purpose of the study is to develop a valid and reliable Digital Literacy Scale (DLS) which will reveal the digital literacy of university students and graduates. Because it is assumed that this sample group uses information technologies much more intensively. The process of developing this scale included many stages. First, item pool (a total of 54 items) was created by reviewing the relevant literature, and the view of 11 experts were taken with four-point rating. Afterwards, the content validity index related to scale and its items was calculated. In the first phase of the study, exploratory factor analysis was performed that was applied to 451 participants for construct validity. Afterwards, the main study was conducted with a group of 1287 participants and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Digital Literacy Scale’s reliability and validity was tested and approved. It was developed as 29-item scale including six factors. In this study, score ranges that represent the digital literacy levels of university students and graduates (low, below medium, medium, above medium and high) are introduced by converting them to Z standard score and the competencies that can be reached for each level are depicted.}, number={4}, publisher={Ahmet GÜVEN}