TY - JOUR T1 - PET THERAPY: THE APPROACH TO SUPPORT MENTAL HEALTH OF PEOPLE IN THEIR LIFE-LONG DURING COVID-19 PERIOD AU - Sargın, Nurten AU - Bakır, Vedat AU - Kutluca, Volkan PY - 2021 DA - June JF - International Journal of Quality in Education JO - IJQE PB - Abdülkadir KABADAYI WT - DergiPark SN - 2636-8412 SP - 82 EP - 97 VL - 5 IS - 2 LA - en AB - It is widely known that human beings share life with other living things other than their generation. It can be seen that to survive, human beings take advantage of other living things such as plants and animals. For centuries, human beings have not only benefited from animals for food but also met their social and psychological needs. The interaction of humans and animals has led that animals are considered from different angles. After the 18th century, studies about the physiological, social, and psychological effects of animals on human beings were conducted. According to some research findings, animals have healing effects on humans physiologically, socially, and psychologically. People have faced different problems of different ages and have tried to find various solutions to these problems. Nowadays, the whole world and Turkey face a pandemic called COVID-19. As a natural disaster, this pandemic deeply affects life in terms of societal, cultural, social, psychological, and especially economic. Studies about precautions and interventions towards traumatic experiences should be conducted. Unless these studies are conducted, it may cause Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorders emerge as an expensive condition that requires psychological treatment and is costly to people and the country. Nowadays, alternative therapy approaches are benefited from recovering mental problems. It can be seen that pet therapy has been used in the field of mental health in recent years. It is considered that pet therapy can be used as an alternative therapy method during and also after the COVID-19 process, considering the benefits such as reduction of the symptoms of sleep problems, depression, anxiety, psychosomatic and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders. In this study, pet therapy is investigated as an approach to support mental health during the COVID-19 process and it is aimed to present pet therapy as an alternative therapy method to reduce the effects of COVID-19. For this purpose, a review article is conducted by examining related studies. In line with the literature information obtained, the approach to animals and the historical development of pet therapy have been tried to be discussed. Thereafter, pet therapy research findings are included according to developmental periods such as old age, adulthood, childhood, and adolescence. After the information about COVID-19, explanations and suggestions about pet therapy are given. KW - : Covid-19 KW - Mental Health KW - Approach KW - Pet Therapy KW - Life-long CR - Akkuş, A., Köse, E., Erdoğan, M., Taşpınar, B., & Taşpınar, F. (2018). Otizm sprektrum bozukluğunda evcil hayvan desteği. İzmir Demokracy University Health Sciences Journal, 34–42. CR - Bachi, K., & Parish-Plass, N. (2017). Animal-assisted psychotherapy: A unique relational therapy for children and adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104516672549 CR - Barba, B. E. (1995). The positive influence of animals: Animal-assisted therapy in acute care. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 9(4), 91-95. CR - Beck, A., & Katcher, A. (1996). Between pets and people. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. CR - Bekaroğlu, E. ve Yılmaz, T. (2020). COVID-19 ve psikolojik etkileri: Klinik psikoloji perspektifinden bir derleme. Nesne, 8(18), 573-584. DOI: 10.7816/nesne-08-18-14 CR - Bendau, A., Petzold, M. B., Pyrkosch, L., Maricic, L. M., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J., ... & Plag, J. (2021). Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 271(2), 283-291. CR - Bozkurt, Y., Zeybek, Z., & Aşkın, R. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 304-318. CR - Briones, M. Á., Pardo-García, I., & Escribano-Sotos, F. (2021). Effectiveness of a dog-assisted therapy program to enhance the quality of life in ınstitutionalized dementia patients. Clinical Nursing Research, 30(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773819867250 CR - Brodie, S. J., Biley, F. C., & Shewring, M. (2002). An exploration of the potential risks associated with using pet therapy in healthcare settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 11(4), 444-456. CR - Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psycho-logical impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 CR - Cevizci, S., Erginöz, E., & Baltaş, Z. (2009). Ruh sağlığının iyileştirilmesinde destek bir tedavi yaklaşımı : Hayvan destekli tedavi. Nobel Med, 5(1), 4-9. CR - Chang, S. J., Lee, J., An, H., Hong, W. H., & Lee, J. Y. (2020). Animal-assisted therapy as an ıntervention for older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis to guide evidence-based practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(1), 60-67 https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12484 CR - Crasta, D., Daks, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2020). Modeling suicide risk among parents during the COVID-19 pandemic: Psychological inflexibility exacerbates the im-pact of COVID-19 stressors on interpersonal risk factors for suicide. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.003 CR - Çakıcı, A., & Kök, M. (2020). Hayvan destekli tedavi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12(1), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.526378 CR - Cryer, S., Henderson-Wilson, C., & Lawson, J. (2021). Pawsitive connections: The role of pet support programs and pets on the elderly. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 42, 101298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101298 CR - Demirağ, H., & Hintistan, S. (2019). Yaşlı sağlığında pet terapi (hayvan destekli tedavi) uygulamalarının literatür eşliğinde incelenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(3), 217–224. CR - Feng, Y., Lin, Y., Zhang, N., Jiang, X., & Zhang, L. (2021). Effects of animal-assisted therapy on hospitalized children and teenagers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 60, 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.01.020 CR - Folse, E. B., Minder, C. C., Aycock, M. J., & Santana, R. T. (1994). Animal-assisted therapy and depression in adult college students. Anthrozoös, 7(3), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279394787001880 CR - Fine, A. H. (2005). Incorporating animal-assisted therapy into psychotherapy: Guidelines and suggestions for therapists. In Handbook on animal-assisted therapy (pp. 169-191). Academic Press. CR - Fine, A. H. (2015). Incorporating animal-assisted ınterventions into psychotherapy. Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy, 141–155. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801292-5.00011-0 CR - González-Ramírez, M. T., Ortiz-Jiménez, X. A., & Landero-Hernández, R. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and animal-assisted therapy: Stress management for adults. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 19(5), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2013.19505 CR - Hamama, L., Hamama-Raz, Dagan, K., Greenfeld, H., Rubinstein, C., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2011). A preliminary study of group intervention along with basic canine training among traumatized teenagers: A 3-month longitudinal study. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 1975–1980. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.021 CR - Hines, L., & Fredrickson, M. (1998). Perspectives in animal-assisted therapy and acti-vities. In C. Wilson, & D. Turner (Eds.), Companion animals in human health (23–40). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. CR - Hunt, M. G., & Chizkov, R. R. (2014). Are therapy dogs like Xanax? Does animal-assisted therapy impact processes relevant to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy? Anthrozoos, 27(3), 457–469. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303714X14023922797959 CR - Jasperson, R. A. (2010). Animal-assisted therapy with female inmates with mental illness: A case example from a pilot program. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(6), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2010.499056 CR - Jung, C., Jung, C., Jongyotha, K., De, I., Brennan, M., & Naumovski, J. (2021). Using a virtual pet to replace pet therapy visits in our nursing facility during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 22(3), B18. CR - Keser, İ., & Demiralay, Ş. (2019). Ruh sağlığını koruma ve iyileştirmede hayvan destekli uygulamaların kullanımı. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 9(2), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.13114/mjh.2019.486 CR - Kirman, F. (2020). Sosyal medyada salgın psikolojisi: algı, etki ve başa çıkma. Dünya İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 2020(2), 11-44. CR - Koukourikos, K., Georgopoulou, A., Kourkouta, L., & Tsaloglidou, A. (2019). Benefits of animal-assisted therapy in mental health. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 12(3), 1898-1905. CR - Köseman, A., & Şeker, İ. (2015). Hippoterapi ve terapide kullanılan atların özellikleri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 195–201. CR - Kruger, K., & Serpell, J. (2010). Animal-assisted interventions in mental health: Definitions and theoretical foundations. In A. H. Fine (Ed.), Handbook of animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice (3rd ed., pp. 33–48). Boston, MA: Elsevier. CR - Levinson, B. (1972). Pets and human development. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. CR - Macauley BL (2006) Animal-assisted therapy for persons with aphasia: A pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(3),357-365. CR - Marino, L. (2012). Construct validity of animal-assisted therapy and activities: How important is the animal in aat? Anthrozoös, 25(sup1),139-151. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303712x133534303772194 CR - Mims, D., & Waddell, R. (2016). Animal-assisted therapy and trauma survivors. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 13(5), 452–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2016.1166841 CR - Morrison ML .(2007). Health benefits of animal-assisted interventions. Complement Health Pract Rev, 12(1), 51-62. CR - Muslu, G. K., & Conk, Z. (2011). Hayvan destekli uygulamalar ve çocuklarda kullanımı. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 4(2), 93–88. CR - Nepps, P., Stewart, C. N., & Bruckno, S. R. (2014). Animal-assisted activity: Effects of a complementary ıntervention program on psychological and physiological variables. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19(3), 211-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587214533570 CR - Nimer, J., & Lundahl, B. (2007). Animal-assisted therapy: A meta-analysis. Anthrozoos, 20(3), 225-238. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279307X224773 CR - Nordgren, L., & Engström, G. (2012). Effects of animal-assisted therapy on behavioral and/or psychological symptoms in dementia: A case report. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and other Dementias, 27(8), 625–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317512464117 CR - O’Haire, M. (2012). Animal-assisted intervention for autism spectrum disorder: A sys-tematic literature review. Journal of Autism Development Disorder, 43, 1606-1622. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1707-5 CR - Öztürk, P. (2020). Evci̇l hayvan sahi̇pleri̇ni̇n affedi̇ci̇li̇k düzeyi̇ ve genel sağlık durumla-rının değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zonguldak. CR - Parish-Plass, N. (2008). Animal-assisted therapy with children suffering from insecure attachment due to abuse and neglect: A method to lower the risk of intergenera-tional transmission of abuse? Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13(1), 7-30. doi: 10.1177/1359104507086338 CR - Rabbitt, S. M., Kazdin, A. E., & Hong, J. (2014). Acceptability of animal-assisted the-rapy: Attitudes toward AAT, psychotherapy, and medication for the treatment of child disruptive behavioral problems. Anthrozoos, 27(3), 335–350. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303714X13903827487881 CR - Sargın, N. & Kutluca, V. (2020). Covid-19 Salgını sürecinde yetişkinlerin tepkileri. Bilge Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (2): 64-70. https://doi.org/10.47257/busad.838408 CR - Suna, A. H. (2019). Türkiye’de yaşayan evcil hayvan sahiplerinin bütüncül psikoterapi perspektifinden analizi. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 2(3), 131-153. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bpd/issue/42091/506451 CR - Serpell, J. (2006). Animal-assisted interventions in historical perspective. In A. H. Fine (Ed.), Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guide-lines for practice (pp. 3–20). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. CR - Serpell, J. A. (2010). Animal-assisted ınterventions in historical perspective. In H. F. Aubrey (Ed.), Handbook on animal-assisted therapy (2. edition, 17-32). Acade-mic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381453-1.10002-9 CR - Sussman, M.A. (1985). Pets and the family. New York, NY: Haworth Press. CR - Swartz, HA (2020). The role of psychotherapy during the Covid-19 pandemic. Ameri-can Journal of Psychotherapy, 73(2), 41-42. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychoterapy.20200015 CR - Şan, A. (2020). Evci̇l hayvan sahi̇pleri̇nde depresyon ve anksi̇yete düzeyleri̇ni̇n i̇ncelenmesi̇. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa. CR - Virués-Ortega, J., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Castellote, J. M., Población, A., & de Pedro-Cuesta, J. (2012). Effect of animal-assisted therapy on the psychological and functional status of elderly populations and patients with psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 6(2), 197-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.534965 CR - Weinberg, H. (2020). Online group psychotherapy: Challenges and possibilities during COVID-19 -A practice review. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 24(3), 201. https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000140 CR - Wesley, M. C., Minatrea, N. B., & Watson, J. C. (2009). Animal-assisted therapy in the treatment of substance dependence. Anthrozoos, 22(2), 137-148. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303709X434167 CR - Wishon, P. M. (1989). Disease and injury from companion animals. Early Child Deve-lopment and Care, 46(1), 31-38. CR - Yalçıntürk, A. A., Dikeç, G., & Ata, E. E. (2019). Alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluğu olan bireylere yönelik rehabilitasyon çalışmaları: Sistematik derleme. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 20(4), 241-252. UR - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijqe/issue//954580 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1832394 ER -