TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparison of Employment Impacts of Renewable and Fossil Energy Based Electricity Sectors: The Case of Turkey
TT  - Yenilenebilir ve Fosil Enerjiye Dayalı Elektrik Sektörlerinin İstihdam Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması: Türkiye Örneği
AU  - Algül, Yahya
AU  - Kaya, Vedat
PY  - 2021
DA  - November
DO  - 10.29249/selcuksbmyd.969425
JF  - Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi
PB  - Selcuk University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2564-7458
SP  - 421
EP  - 439
VL  - 24
IS  - 2
LA  - en
AB  - Considering rapidly rising air pollution and unemployment problem in Turkey, renewable energy may be the most appropriate solution for both of the problems. While positive effect of renewable energy on the environement is widely acknowledged, there isn’t sufficient research about its effect on employment statistics. For this reason, in this study, the net employment benefit of the renewable-based electricity sector, against the fossil-based electricity sector, is investigated through Input-Output methodology. The estimation is done for both manufacturing/installation and operation/maintenance phases of solar, wind, hydropower, bioenergy, geothermal, coal, petrol, and natural gas-based electricity sectors, including all of the direct, indirect, and induced effects. According to the estimation results of both approaches and both of the phases, renewable-based electricity sectors are more effective than fossil-based electricity sectors in terms of employment generation. Therefore, besides its claimed benefits in terms of environment, the renewable energy sector may be a major instrument in the sustainable development efforts in Turkey, considering its employment benefits too.
KW  - Sustainable Development
KW  - Input-Output
KW  - Renewable Energy
KW  - Green Employment
N2  - ÖZTürkiye'de hızla artan çevre kirliliği ve işsizlik sorunları göz önüne alındığında, yenilenebilir enerji her iki sorunla eşanlı mücadele bağlamında en uygun çözüm olabilir. Yenilenebilir enerjinin çevre üzerindeki pozitif etkisi noktasında yaygın bir uzlaşı bulunmasına rağmen, istihdam etkisi yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmamızda, yenilenebilir enerjiye dayalı elektrik sektörünün fosil bazlı elektrik sektörüne kıyasla net istihdam etkisi Girdi-Çıktı metodolojisi ile incelenmiştir. Analiz, güneş, rüzgar, hidroelektrik, biyoenerji, jeotermal, kömür, petrol ve doğal gaza dayalı elektrik sektörlerinin hem üretim/kurulum hem de işletme/bakım aşamaları için doğrudan, dolaylı ve uyarılmış etkilerinin tümünü içermektedir. Her iki yaklaşımın ve her iki aşamanın tahmin sonuçlarına göre, yenilenebilir enerjiye dayalı elektrik sektörlerinin, istihdam yaratma açısından fosil bazlı elektrik sektörlerine göre daha etkili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu nedenle, yenilenebilir enerji sektörü çevre açısından iddia edilen faydalarının yanı sıra, istihdam faydaları da dikkate alındığında Türkiye'deki sürdürülebilir kalkınma çabalarında önemli bir araç olabilir.
CR  - <http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ZipGetir.do?id=15852> [Accessed March 05, 2019].
CR  - AA, 2019.  <https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/enerji-ithalati-faturasi-2019da-yuzde-4-2-azaldi/1726127> [Accessed May 02, 2020].
CR  - Akçoraoğlu, A. (2010). Employment, economic growth and labor market performance: The case of Turkey. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 21:77, 101-114.
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15:6, 2876-2886. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.027
CR  - Ata, A. Y. (2011). Ücretler, işsizlik ve suç arasındaki ilişki: Yatay-kesit analizi. Çalışma ve Toplum, 4:31, 113-134
CR  - Becker, Joachim. (2016). Financialisation, Industry and Dependency in Turkey. Journal für Entwicklungspolitik. 32, 84-113. doi: 10.20446/JEP-2414-3197-32-1-84
CR  - Behrens, P., Rodrigues, J. F., Brás, T., & Silva, C. (2016). Environmental, economic, and social impacts of feed-in tariffs: A Portuguese perspective 2000–2010. Applied energy, 173, 309-319. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.044
CR  - Bell, Stephanie; Wray, L. Randall (2004). The war on poverty after 40 Years: a Minskyan assessment, Working Paper, No. 404, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY
CR  - Blazejczak, J., Braun, F. G., Edler, D., & Schill, W. P. (2014). Economic effects of renewable energy expansion: A model-based analysis for Germany. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 1070-1080. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.134
CR  - Bohlmann, H. R., Horridge, J. M., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Roos, E. L., & Stander, L. (2019). Regional employment and economic growth effects of South Africa’s transition to low-carbon energy supply mix. Energy policy, 128, 830-837. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.065
CR  - Böhringer, C., Keller, A., & Van der Werf, E. (2013). Are green hopes too rosy? Employment and welfare impacts of renewable energy promotion. Energy Economics, 36, 277-285. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.029
CR  - Bulavskaya, T., & Reynès, F. (2018). Job creation and economic impact of renewable energy in the Netherlands. Renewable Energy, 119, 528-538. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.039
CR  - Byun, K. J. (2010). The US housing bubble and bust: impacts on employment. Monthly Labor Review, 133:12.
CR  - Cai, W., Mu, Y., Wang, C., & Chen, J. (2014). Distributional employment impacts of renewable and new energy–a case study of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 1155-1163. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.136
CR  - Cai, W., Wang, C., Chen, J., & Wang, S. (2011). Green economy and green jobs: Myth or reality? The case of China’s power generation sector. Energy, 36:10, 5994-6003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.016
CR  - Caldes, N., Varela, M., Santamaría, M., & Sáez, R. (2009). Economic impact of solar thermal electricity deployment in Spain. Energy Policy, 37(5), 1628-1636. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.022
CR  - Cameron, L., & Van Der Zwaan, B. (2015). Employment factors for wind and solar energy technologies: A literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, 160-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.001
CR  - Cansino, J. M., Cardenete, M. A., González-Limón, J. M., & Román, R. (2014). The economic influence of photovoltaic technology on electricity generation: A CGE (computable general equilibrium) approach for the Andalusian case. Energy, 73, 70-79. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.076
CR  - Cantore, N., Nussbaumer, P., Wei, M., & Kammen, D. M. (2017). Promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency in Africa: a framework to evaluate employment generation and cost effectiveness. Environmental Research Letters, 12, 1-11, doi:  https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa51da
CR  - Cengiz, M. S., & Mamis, M. S. (2015). Thermal Solar Energy Use and Turkey Analysis. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology, 5:2.
CR  - Çetin, M., & Eğrican, N. (2011). Employment impacts of solar energy in Turkey. Energy Policy, 39(11), 7184-7190. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.039
CR  - Chateau, J., & Saint-Martin, A. (2013). Economic and employment impacts of climate change mitigation policies in OECD: A general-equilibrium perspective. International Economics, 135, 79-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2013.08.001
CR  - Cömertler, N., & Kar, M. (2007). Türkiye’de suç oranının sosyo-ekonomik belirleyicileri: yatay kesit analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi , 62:02, 37-57, doi: doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002018
CR  - Dasgupta, P., & Ray, D. (1986). Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Unemployment: Theory. The Economic Journal, 96:384, 1011-1034. doi:10.2307/2233171
CR  - Dursun, B., & Gokcol, C. (2014). Impacts of the Renewable Energy Law on the Developments of Wind Energy in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 318-325. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.185
CR  - Dursun, S., Aytaç, S., & Topbaş, F. (2011). The effects of unemployment and income on crime: a panel data analysis on Turkey. Annales, XLIII, 125-138
CR  - Dvorak, P., Martinat, S., Van der Horst, D., Frantal, B., & Tureckova, K. (2017). Renewable energy investment and job creation; a cross-sectoral assessment 
for the Czech Republic with reference to EU benchmarks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 360-368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.158
CR  - Eigm, 2012. Energy Balance Tables 2012,  <https://www.eigm.gov.tr/tr-TR/Denge-Tablolari/Denge-Tablolari> [Accessed June 16, 2018].
CR  - Ercan, H. (2007). Youth employment in Turkey. Ankara: International Labour Office.
CR  - Erdal, L. (2012). Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Yatırımları ve İstihdam Yaratma Potansiyeli. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4:1, 171-181.
CR  - Erdoğdu, M. M., & Karaca, C. (2016). An Industrial Policy Recommendation for Raising Solar Energy Investments in Turkey and Its Possible Employment 
Effect. In M. M.   Erdoğdu, A. Y. Mermod, & O. B. Yıldırım (Eds.), Social and Economic Perspectives on Sustainability, London and Istanbul: IJOPEC Publication. ISBN: 978-0-9932118-1-2.
CR  - Erkan Özata (2014). Sustainability of current account deficit with high oil prices: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Economic Sciences, 3:2, 71-88.
CR  - Fanning, T., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2014). The regional employment returns from wave and tidal energy: A Welsh analysis. Energy, 76, 958-966. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.09.012
CR  - Garrett-Peltier, H. (2017). Green Versus Brown: Comparing the Employment İmpacts of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Fossil Fuels Using An Input-Output Model. Economic Modelling, 61, 439-447. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.012
CR  - Guenther-Lübbers, W., Bergmann, H., & Theuvsen, L. (2016). Potential analysis of the biogas production–as measured by effects of added value and employment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, 556-564. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.157
CR  - Hayati, A. K. S. U., & Akkuş, Y. (2010). Türkiye'de Mala Karşı Suçların Sosyoekonomik Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir Deneme: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı (1970-2007). Sosyoekonomi, 11:11, 191-214 doi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosyoekonomi/issue/21071/226869
CR  - Heindl, Peter & Voigt, Sebastian (2012). Employment effects of regional climate policy: The case of renewable energy promotion by feed-in tariffs, ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 12-066, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim.
CR  - Henriques, C. O., Coelho, D. H., & Cassidy, N. L. (2016). Employment impact assessment of renewable energy targets for electricity generation by 2020—An IO LCA approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 519-530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.05.013
CR  - Hillebrand, B., Buttermann, H. G., Behringer, J. M., & Bleuel, M. (2006). The expansion of renewable energies and employment effects in Germany. Energy Policy, 34:18, 3484-3494. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.06.017
CR  - Ilostat, 2020. Labour costs across countries,  <https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-costs/> [Accessed August 1, 2020].
CR  - Islam, R. (2004). The nexus of economic growth, employment and poverty reduction: An empirical analysis. International Labour Office. Issues in Employment and Poverty, Discussion Paper No.14
CR  - Jülide Yildirim & Selami Sezgin (2003). Military expenditure and employment in
CR  - Kahouli, S., & Martin, J. C. (2018). Can offshore wind energy be a lever for job creation in France? Some insights from a local case study. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 23, 203-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-017-9580-4
CR  - Kammen, Daniel M. Kapadia, Kamal and Fripp, Matthias (2004) Putting Renewables to Work: How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate? RAEL Report, University of California, Berkeley.
CR  - Karaca, C., Ulutaş, A., & Eşgünoğlu, M. (2017). Türkiye’de optimal yenilenebilir enerji kaynağının COPRAS yöntemiyle tespiti ve yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının istihdam artırıcı etkisi. Maliye Dergisi, 172, 111-132.
CR  - Kis, Z., Pandya, N., & Koppelaar, R. H. (2018). Electricity generation technologies: Comparison of materials use, energy return on investment, jobs creation and CO2 emissions reduction. Energy Policy, 120, 144-157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.033
CR  - Koengkan, M., Poveda, Y. E., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2019). Globalisation as a motor of renewable energy development in Latin America countries. GeoJournal, 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10042-0
CR  - Lehr, U., Lutz, C., & Edler, D. (2012). Green jobs? Economic impacts of renewable energy in Germany. Energy Policy, 47, 358-364. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.076
CR  - Lehr, U., Mönnig, A., Missaoui, R., Marrouki, S., & Salem, G. B. (2016). Employment from renewable energy and energy efficiency in Tunisia–new insights, new results. Energy Procedia, 93, 223-228. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.07.174
CR  - Leontief, W. (1986). Input-Output Economics. (2. Ed.). New York: Oxford University
CR  - Llera, E., Scarpellini, S., Aranda, A., & Zabalza, I. (2013). Forecasting job creation from renewable energy deployment through a value-chain approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 262-271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.053
CR  - Lund, H., & Hvelplund, F. (2012). The economic crisis and sustainable development: The design of job creation strategies by use of concrete institutional economics. Energy, 43:1, 192-200. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.075
CR  - Markaki, M., Belegri-Roboli, A., Michaelides, P., Mirasgedis, S., & Lalas, D. P. (2013). The impact of clean energy investments on the Greek economy: An input–output analysis (2010–2020). Energy Policy, 57, 263-275. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.047
CR  - Markandya, A., Arto, I., González-Eguino, M., & Román, M. V. (2016). Towards a green energy economy? Tracking the employment effects of low-carbon technologies in the European Union. Applied energy,179,1342-1350. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.122
CR  - Mathew Forstater (1999) Functional Finance and Full Employment: Lessons from Lerner for Today, Journal of Economic Issues, 33:2, 475-482, doi:10.1080/00213624.1999.11506180
CR  - Matumoto, Naoya & Hondo, Hiroki. (2011). Analysis on Employment Effects of the Introduction of Renewable Energy Technologies Using an Extended Input-output Table. Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy. 90:3, 258-267. doi: https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.90.258
CR  - Miller, R. E., and Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions (2nd Ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Mills, E. (2016). Job Creation and Energy Savings Through A Transition To Modern Off-Grid Lighting. Energy for Sustainable Development, 33, 155-166. doi:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.06.001
CR  - Moreno, B., & Lopez, A. J. (2008). The effect of renewable energy on employment. The case of Asturias (Spain). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(3), 732-751. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.011
CR  - Mu, Y., Cai, W., Evans, S., Wang, C., & Roland-Holst, D. (2018). Employment impacts of renewable energy policies in China: A decomposition analysis based on a CGE modeling framework. Applied Energy, 210, 256-267. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.086
CR  - Neuwahl, F., Löschel, A., Mongelli, I., & Delgado, L. (2008). Employment impacts of EU biofuels policy: combining bottom-up technology information and sectoral market simulations in an input–output framework. Ecological Economics, 68, 447-460. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.04.018
CR  - Nrel, 2018. JEDI Models.  <https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/jedi/models.html>[Accessed June 18, 2018].
CR  - OECD, 2019. Labour force participation rate,  <https://data.oecd.org/emp/labour-force-participation-rate.htm> [Accessed August 31, 2020].
CR  - Oliveira, C., Cassidy, N., & Coelho, D. (2014, July). Employment effects of electricity generation from renewable energy technologies in the UK. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Input-Output Conference & 4th Edition of the International School of IO Analysis, Lisbon, Portugal, 14-18.
CR  - Oliveira, C., Coelho, D., Da Silva, P. P., & Antunes, C. H. (2013). How many jobs can the RES-E sectors generate in the Portuguese context?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 444-455. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.011
CR  - Ortega, M., del Río, P., Ruiz, P., & Thiel, C. (2015). Employment effects of renewable electricity deployment. A novel methodology. Energy, 91, 940-951. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.061
CR  - REN21, (2019). Renewables 2019 Global Status Report. Paris: REN21. Paris: REN21 Secretariat, ISBN 978-3-9818911-7-1
CR  - Rincon, L., Puri, M., Kojakovic, A., & Maltsoglou, I. (2019). The contribution of sustainable bioenergy to renewable electricity generation in Turkey: Evidence based policy from an integrated energy and agriculture approach. Energy Policy, 130, 69-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.024
CR  - Robert Pollin & Heidi Garrett-Peltier, (2009). "Building a Green Economy: Employment Effects of Green Energy Investments for Ontario," Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
CR  - Rodríguez-Huerta, E., Rosas-Casals, M., & Sorman, A. H. (2017). A societal metabolism approach to job creation and renewable energy transitions in Catalonia. Energy Policy, 108, 551-564. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.024
CR  - Rontos, K., Vavouras, J., & Nagopoulos, N. (2016). Relations between national-regional unemployment and employment policies for a sustainable development in Greece. Social Cohesion and Development, 10:2, 81-97. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/scad.9974
CR  - Schwartz, Jordan Z.; Andres, Luis A.; Dragoiu, Georgeta.(2009).Crisis in Latin America: Infrastructure Investment, Employment and the Expectations of Stimulus. World Bank Group. Policy Research working paper no: WPS 5009, Washington, D.C.
CR  - Simas, M., & Pacca, S. (2014). Assessing employment in renewable energy technologies: A case study for wind power in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31, 83-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.046
CR  - Singh, V., & Fehrs, J. E. (2001). The Work That Goes Into Renewable Energy. Renewable Energy Policy Project. Research Report No: 13
CR  - Sooriyaarachchi, T. M., Tsai, I. T., El Khatib, S., Farid, A. M., & Mezher, T. (2015). Job creation potentials and skill requirements in, PV, CSP, wind, water-to-energy and energy efficiency value chains. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 653-668. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.143
CR  - Stern, N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511817434
CR  - Tcherneva, P. R. (2008). The return of fiscal policy: Can the new developments in the new economic consensus be reconciled with the Post-Keynesian view?. Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series.
CR  - Tourkolias, C., Mirasgedis, S., Damigos, D., & Diakoulaki, D. (2009). Employment benefits of electricity generation: A comparative assessment of lignite and natural gas power plants in Greece. Energy Policy, 37:10, 4155-4166. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.015
CR  - Tourkolias, C., ve Mirasgedis, S. (2011). Quantification and Monetization of Employment Benefits Associated with Renewable Energy Technologies in Greece. Renewable
CR  - Turkey, Defence and Peace Economics, 14:2, 129-139, doi: 10.1080/10242690302919
CR  - Turkstat, 2012a. Employment by Economic Activity, Years and Gender, 2012 NACE Rev.2,  <http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1007> [Accessed January 03, 2018].
CR  - Turkstat, 2012b. Net electricity consumption according to sectors 2012,  <http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1029> [Accessed March 15, 2018].
CR  - Turkstat, 2012c. Industrial and residential electricity prices by consumption bands,
CR  - Turkstat, 2016. Input-Output Table, 2012.  <http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1021> [Accessed January 02, 2018].
CR  - Turkstat, 2019a. Labor Force Statistics, February 2019,  <http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30690> [Accessed August 31, 2020].
CR  - Turkstat, 2019b. Foreign Trade Statistics, December 2019,  <http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33848>[Accessed August 31, 2020].
CR  - Turkstat, 2020a. Labor Force Statistics, May 2020,  <http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33789> [Accessed August 31, 2020].
CR  - Ünal, E. (2016). A comparative analysis of export growth in Turkey and China through macroeconomic and institutional factors. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 13, 57–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40844-016-0036-3
CR  - Wang, C., Zhang, W., Cai, W., & Xie, X. (2013). Employment impacts of CDM projects in China's power sector. Energy policy, 59, 481-491. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.010
CR  - Wei, M., Patadia, S., & Kammen, D. M. (2010). Putting renewables and energy efficiency to work: How many jobs can the clean energy industry generate in the US?. Energy policy, 38:2, 919-931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.044
CR  - William Vickrey (1997) A Trans-Keynesian Manifesto (Thoughts about an Asset-Based Macroeconomics), Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 19:4, 495-510, doi:10.1080/01603477.1997.11490125
CR  - World Bank 2019. Per Capita CO2 Emission, 1960-2014,   <https://www.google.com.tr/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=en_atm_co2e_pc&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:TUR&ifdim=country&hl=tr&dl=tr&ind=false> [Accessed April 29, 2020].
CR  - Ying Chen (2019) Renewable energy investment and employment in China, International Review of Applied Economics, 33:3, 314-334, doi: 10.1080/02692171.2018.1513458
CR  - Yuksel, I. (2012). Water Development For Hydroelectric in Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey. Renewable energy, 39 (1), 17-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.006
CR  - Zwaan, Van der B., Cameron, L., & Kober, T. (2013). Potential for renewable energy jobs in the Middle East. Energy Policy, 60, 296-304. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.201
UR  - https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.969425
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1873882
ER  -