TY  - JOUR
T1  - Shotgun Metagenomic Analysis for Mucilage in the Surface Waters of The Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles): Metabolic Diversity, Microbial Community Structure and Antibiotic Resistance Genes
TT  - Çanakkale Boğazı Yüzey Sularındaki Müsilaj İçin Shotgun Metagenomik Analizi: Metabolik Çeşitlilik, Mikrobiyal Topluluk Yapısı ve Antibiyotik Direnç Genleri
AU  - Yılmaz, Sevdan
AU  - Kahraman Yılmaz, Dilek
AU  - Çelik, Ekrem Şanver
AU  - Küçüker, Mehmet Ali
PY  - 2021
DA  - December
Y2  - 2021
DO  - 10.35229/jaes.989058
JF  - Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences
JO  - JAES
PB  - Bülent VEREP
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2548-0006
SP  - 717
EP  - 726
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
LA  - en
AB  - In this study, we used shotgun metagenome sequencing to examine the metabolic diversity,microbial community structure and diverse antimicrobial resistance genes of mucilage in the surfacewaters of the Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles). Mucilage samples were collected in April 2021 from thethree different stations of the Dardanelles. The dominant microbial communities at the phylum levelwere Bacteroidetes (20.06%), Proteobacteria (13.68%), Verrucomicrobia (6.25%), Planctomycetes(3.02%) and Cyanobacteria (2.5%). Metabolic pathway analysis using KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia ofGenes and Genomes) revealed that most of the genes of mucilage samples were involved in unclassified(73.86%) followed by metabolism (14.45%), genetic information processing (4.16%), environmentalinformation processing (2.57%), cellular processing (1.88%), human diseases (1.61%), and organismal systems (1.47%). The dfrA3 gene was the most prevalent (20.36%) followed by CRP (18.17%), PmrE(14.92%), rpoB2 (11.17%), SoxR (7.49%), AbeS (6.83%), baeR (5.22%), PmrF (3.70%), dfrA22 (2.20%), dfrA26 (1.76%), dfrA20 (1.63%), golS (1.26%), CAT (1.03%), mtrA (1.01%), TMB-1 (0.64%),novA (0.64%), dfrK (0.59%), vanXB (0.48%), dfrG (0.39%), FosC2 (0.31%), and MexA (0.20%) genes.Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) types mainly included the resistance genes of multidrug (40.19%),trimethoprim (26.93%), polymyxin (18.62%), rifamycin (11.17%), chloramphenicol (1.03%),aminocoumarin (0.64%), beta-lactamase (0.64%), fosfomycin (0.31%), and vancomycin (0.48%).Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in mucilage can adhere to human skin during swimming, fishing, watersports etc., enter the body through the nose and mouth, and transfer genetic information to the bacteriain contact areas in the human body. Therefore, this situation is risky in public health, and necessaryprecautions should be taken.In the light of these findings, it has been observed that there is a need for more detailed studies in thefuture.
KW  - Antibiotic
KW  - Marine aggregates
KW  - Marine snow
KW  - Metagenome
KW  - Mucilage
KW  - Public health
N2  - Bu çalışma da Çanakkale Boğazı yüzey sularındaki müsilajın metabolik çeşitliliğini, mikrobiyal topluluk yapısını ve çeşitli antimikrobiyal direnç genlerini incelemek için shotgun metagenom dizilimi kullandık. Nisan 2021'de Çanakkale Boğazı'nın üç farklı istasyonundan müsilaj örnekleri toplandı. Filum düzeyinde baskın mikrobiyal topluluklar Bacteroidetes (%20.06), Proteobacteria (%13.68), Verrucomicrobia (%6.25), Planctomycetes (%3.02) ve Cyanobacteria (%2.5) olarak belirlendi. KEGG (Kyoto Genler ve Genomlar Ansiklopedisi) kullanılarak yapılan metabolik yol analizi, müsilaj örneklerinin genlerinin çoğunun sınıflandırılmamış (%73.86), ardından sırasıyla metabolizma (%14.45), genetik prosesler (%4.16), çevresel prosesler ( %2.57, hücresel prosesler (%1.88), insan hastalıkları (%1.61) ve organizma sistemleri (%1.47) ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. dfrA3 geni baskın olup (%20,36), ardından sırasıyla CRP (%18,17), PmrE (%14,92), rpoB2 (%11,17), SoxR (%7,49), AbeS (%6,83), baeR (%5,22), PmrF (%3,70), dfrA22 (%2,20), dfrA26 (%1,76), dfrA20 (%1,63), golS (%1,26), CAT (%1,03), mtrA (%1,01), TMB-1 (%0,64), novA (%0,64), dfrK (%0,59), vanXB (%0,48), dfrG (%0,39), FosC2 (%0,31) ve MexA (%0,20) genleri yer almıştır. Antibiyotik direnç geni (ARG) tipleri, temel olarak çoklu ilaç direnci (%40,19), trimetoprim (%26,93), polimiksin (%18,62), rifamisin (%11,17), kloramfenikol (%1,03), aminokumarin (%0,64), beta-laktamaz (%0,64), fosfomisin (%0,31) ve vankomisin (%0,48) direnç genlerini içeriyordu. Müsilaj yapısında yüksek çoklu antibiyotik direnci ve trimetoprim, polimiksin, rifamisin ve kloramfenikol gibi önemli antibiyotik dirençlerinin bulunması halk sağlığı açısından riskli bir durum olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu bulgular ışığında gelecekte farklı zamanlarda ve derinliklerden alınacak örneklerle daha detaylı çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
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UR  - https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.989058
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1949574
ER  -