Macrofungal biodiversity of Gürpınar (Van) district

: The study was based on macrofungi samples collected from Gürpınar district of Van province between 2015 and 2017. As a result of field and laboratory studies 94 macrofungi species belonging to 49 genera, 27 families, seven orders and three classes within Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were determined. The list of the determined taxa were presented together with their habitats, substrates, collection localities and personel voucher numbers. Macrofungal 5(1):


Introduction
The kingdom Fungi constitutes the second most diverse living group in the world with about more than 1.5 million species (Hawksworth et al., 1995). They can grow almost everywhere in the world as saprophytes, parasites and symbionts, and those with fruiting bodies that can be seen by naked eye are known as macrofungi. Besides being consumed as food, macrofungi are used in cosmetics and pharmacology and have high economic value (Adanacıoğlu et al., 2016;Süfer et al., 2016).
Studies on the macrofungal biodiversity of Turkey have been started in the first quarter of the 19 th century, and lots of works have been conducted by many researchers (Alkan et al., 2010;Demirel et al., 2010;Doğan et al., 2012;Türkekul and Işık, 2016;Uzun et al., 2017;Yıldız et al., 2019;Acar et al., 2020). Sesli and Denchev (2014) present about 2.400 macrofungi species in Turkey, and Kaya and Uzun (2018) introduces this number as 2. 500. Considering, the 15.000 macromycete taxa (Lukić, 2008) determined in Europe, it becomes clear that there is a lot of work to be done in Turkey.
Gürpınar is the largest district of Turkey with a surface area of 4.063 km 2 within the boundaries of Van province ( Fig.  1), and located between 37°44ʹ-28°29ʹ north latitudes and 43°07ʹ-44°07ʹ east longitudes. The district lies within the IranoTuranean phytogeographical flora sector. The climate of the research area is Mediterranean with an annual rainfall of 281 mm and an annual average temperature of 8.1 °C (Bani and Adıgüzel, 2008). Though the list of naturally growing edible mushrooms was presented by Şelem et al. (2019), there isnʹt a detailed study on the overall macrofungal biodiversity of Gürpınar district.
The study aims to determine naturally growing macrofungi of the district and make a contribution to the mycobiota of Turkey.

Materials and Method
Macrofungi samples were collected from the region within the boundaries of Gürpınar districts of Van province. During field studies, first of all the fruit bodies were photographed at their natural habitats. Then necessary notes about the ecological and morphological characteristics and the geographical positions of the the samples were recorded. The collected samples were in paper boxes and transferred to the fungarium. They were dried in an air conditioned room and kept as fungarium materials in polyethylene bags. Further investigations were carried out in the fungarium on dried samples. Microscopic investigations were performed under a compound microscope. The specimens were identified by comparing the obtained data with the relevant literature (Moser, 1983;Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984, 1986, 1991, 1995, 2000Buczacki, 1989;Bresinsky and Besl, 1990;Jordan, 1995;Pegler et al., 1995;Philips, 1991;Dähncke, 2004;Hausknecht, 2009;Uzun, 2010;Kuo and Methven, 2014). The determined macrofungi samples are kept in the fungarium of Biology Department, Science Faculty, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversity(VANF).

Discussions
Ninety four macrofungi species belonging to 49 genera, 27 families, seven orders and three classes were determined from Gürpınar district. Twenty one of the determined taxa belong to Ascomycota (Leotiomycetes 2, Pezizomycetes 19) while 73 belong to Basidiomycota (Agaricomycetes 73).
Except previously reported 36 edible species (Şelem et al., 2019), all the taxa are new for the region.
Thirty six (%38.30) of the determined taxa are edible. Among them Pleurotus eryngii is collected and consumed in all villages of the district. This mushroom is known with the Turkish name "heliz mantarı" and also has regional economic importance. Agaricus bisporus, A. campestris, A. urinascens and P. ostreatus are regionally known in research area and they are also collected and consumed by some locals. Forty four (%46.81) of them are inedible and 14 (%14.89) of them are more or less poisonous.