CURRENT DENDROFLORA: ANALYSIS OF NATURAL SUCCESSIONS IN THE ABANDONED URBAN PHYTOCOENOSES

: The research on the


Introduction
The Chornobyl disaster and the resettlement of people from the city of Chornobyl took place over thirty years ago.However, the town has not completely died out, it is still the administrative center of the exclusion zonehundreds of people live and work there, shops, hotels, and communal services are still operating.Despite the current situation, the town streets are well-kept, there are squares and parks while a significant area of the town is occupied by abandoned residential buildings that are collapsing.
Since the plantations in these areas have not been cared for by anyone for a long time, natural successions are observed here.Considering that the dendroflora of the city of Chornobyl to be really unique, the study of natural successions of phytocoenoses is of important scientific and practical significance.
The first importance of such a study is that it aims to understand what changes occurred in the cultivated dendroflora after the human intervention cessation.e2 S. Rogovskyi et al.Secondly, such a study is important because it facilitates the assessment of the resistance of autochthonous and introduced species to recent rather sharp climate change in the absence of systematic care.Thirdly, the study of the current state of the dendroflora and directions of natural successions will be useful for future researchers in monitoring studies of the dendroflora state and composition.
After the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, considerable attention was paid to the study of the effects of radiation on natural biocenoses, in particular on trees and shrubs (Davydchuk et al. 1990, Davydchuk et al. 1992).As these studies have revealed, the harmful effects of radiation occurred only in the first years after the accident in places with the greatest radioactive contamination, and in succeeding years, the trees resumed their normal growth.Basic studies of the effect of radiation on biocenoses in the exclusion zone were carried out by Belarusian scientists (Davydchuk et al. 1990, Davydchuk 1998, Veselov & Horodets'kyj 1998, Davydchuk & Sorokina 2003).These scientists stated that radiation does not affect phytocenoses, the radioactive exposure level decreases rather quickly, and radionuclides accumulate in the soil and forest floor.In Ukraine, a number of researchers published their data related to the effect of radiation on vegetation (Davydchuk et al. 1994, Matsala et al. 2021).With the exception of the "red forest" located not far from the accident power unit 4, woody plants died under the influence of radiation in very few areas.Morphological and anatomical tissue changes were observed in 1987 in some areas, but later on the radioactive influence decreased and noticeable changes in plant tissues and their reproductive capacity were no longer observed.
In recent decades, special attention has been paid to the spread of alien plant species and their impact on the natural biocenoses of the Ukrainian Polissia (Burda 2002, Burda & Kostenko 2007, Yavors'ka 2009, Tarasevych 2012, Baranskyj et al. 2016).The studies deal with both anthropogenic influence and changes in climatic conditions in the area.A number of studies revealed the self-seeding spread of some alien woody species such as Acer negundo L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the cultivated phytocoenoses of Kyiv and Zhytomyr Polissia (Dzyba 2011, Yeremenko 2012, Spriahajlo 2013, Dojko et al. 2014).
Cultivated dendroflora of Chornobyl has never been the subject of scientific research.However, the issue of the composition and condition of the dendroflora in many settlements of Ukraine, including cities and towns located in the Polissia zone, is covered in the literature (Kokhno et al. 1980).According to Kokhno et al. (2001Kokhno et al. ( , 2002Kokhno et al. ( , 2005)), the cultivated dendroflora in Ukraine includes about 1,700 species, more than 30 varieties and about 600 cultivars.Kalinichenko (2003) argues that about a third out of almost 2,500 taxa of woody plants concentrated in botanical gardens and arboretums is used for greening of settlements.Moreover, more than 200 taxa are used for landscaping in large cities, and up to 100 species, hybrids and cultivars of trees and shrubs are used for landscaping in district centers.
In recent years, the role of green spaces as a component of the urban natural infrastructure has been actively studied in different parts of the world ( The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure, composition and dynamics of agrobiophytocoeoses and establish the directions and intensity of natural successions on the territory of the abandoned garden and park facilities of the city of Chornobyl 36 years after the nuclear accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant.The main task of the study was to examine the taxonomic composition, sanitary condition, age, trees and shrubs reproduction methods and intensity and the structure of phytocoenoses in the territory of the town of Chornobyl Chornobyl's current dendroflora e3 Trakya Univ J Nat Sci, Online First for 24(2): X-X, 2023

Materials and Methods
The study was conducted during the period from 2012 to 2020 by the method of route surveys covering the central part of the city, its outskirts and the industrial zone.The taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs in the city's plantations were determined according to the multivolume academic publications of the Dendroflora of Ukraine (Kokhno et al. 2001(Kokhno et al. , 2002(Kokhno et al. , 2005)).The names of trees and shrubs are given in accordance with the World Flora Online Plant List (WOF Plant List 2022).To describe plantations of the town, six temporary test plots of 100 m 2 (10×10 m) were laid out in triplicate (Hryhora & Solomakha 2000).Square test plots were established in various locations in the central and peripheral parts of Chornobyl, including parks, near apartment buildings, on abandoned private estates, and on the territory of inactive enterprises (Fig. 1).All native and introduced trees and shrubs of each species between 1 and 10 years old were counted in the trial plots.The city's grass cover was not included in the study.The age class of trees and shrubs was estimated based on archival data and taxonomic indicators in accordance with the classes of 1-70 years.The age of the trees and bushes was estimated taking into account their size based on the analysis of the tables of the growth of the corresponding species and the period of establishment of the plantations in the city of Chornobyl.
The sanitary condition of plants was determined in accordance with the recommendations given in the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On the approval of sanitary rules in the forests of Ukraine (Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine 2020).The recommendations define plants of category I -healthy trees and bushes without signs of suppression, category II -trees and bushes weakened due to shading, competition with other species, and category III -trees and bushes have obvious signs of weakening and depression (dry branches, Viscum album L. and tinder fungi colonization, mechanical damage to the trunk bark etc.), category IVseverely weakened and dying trees and bushes (dry tops, total colonization of Viscum album, suppression due to mass reproduction of stem pests), category V -dead trees and bushes.
Temperature indicators and the amount of precipitation were analyzed according to the data of the Chornobyl meteorological station.The average monthly air temperature and precipitation in the study for 2012-2021 are based on data from the Chornobyl meteorological station (Chornobyl city weather station 2023).The average long-term temperature and precipitation by month over the past 140 years are shown by Сhirkov (1986) and Adamenko (2016).
In 2016, the Chornobyl Radiation-Ecological Biosphere Reserve, which has the status of an international biosphere reserve, was established on the radioactively contaminated lands around the Chornobyl nuclear power plant within the territory of the Ivankivsky and Polisky districts of the Kyiv region on an area of 226,964.7 ha.In Ukraine, the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone is coordinated by the State Agency of Ukraine for the

Management of the Exclusion Zone, which developed the Exclusion Zone Development Strategy for 2021-2030 (Strate Agency of Ukraine on Exclusion Zone
Management 2021).The Strategy envisages scientific research in the territory of the exclusion zone through the creation of an international scientific hub in the city of Chornobyl.
The city of Chornobyl is located in the north of Kyiv Polissia on the right bank of the Prypiat River (a tributary of the Dnipro River) at the confluence of the Uzh River on an area of 4 km 2 .Before the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, the city of Chornobyl was an administrative center of the district.After the accident, the town became the administrative center of the exclusion zone and the zone of unconditional (compulsory) resettlement of the local population.Currently, Chornobyl has the status of a shift village, where about 2,800 shift personnel and about 100 "self-immigrants" live.The northern part of the city is adjacent to the forest plantations of the Korohod Forestry, which in some places have merged with the plantations of the city of Chornobyl and form urban forests.

Results
The analysis of phytocoenoses in the central part of the town of Chornobyl (Glory Park and Memorial Park for the victims of the Chornobyl disaster, town squares, plantations near high-rise buildings) and in abandoned private estates reveal that the dendroflora of phytocoenoses in the territory of the city of Chornobyl comprises 95 taxa, including 87 species and 8 decorative forms (Table 1).The analysis of the taxonomic composition of woody and shrubby plants found in the territory of the city of Chornobyl showed that the Gymnospermae section comprises 7 species and 3 cultivars combined into 2 orders and 2 families -Pinaceae (2 genera and 3 species) and Сupresaceae (2 genera, 4 types, 3 decorative forms).The Magnoliophyta section comprises 80 species and 5 decorative forms, which are grouped into 49 genera, 27 families, 24 orders, and 5 subclasses.The largest number of species and genera is represented by the family Rosaceae which comprises 11 genera and 22 species.The family Betulaceae is represented by 3 genera and 4 species, Salicaceae by 2 genera and 10 species, Sapindaceae by 1 genus and 6 species, Oleaceae by 4 genera and 5 species, Juglandaceae, Malvaceae by 1 genus and 2 species each, Ulmaceae and Fagaceae by 1 genus and 3 species for each, Cornaceae, Vitaceae, Viburnaceae and Bignoniaceae by 1 genus and 2 species for each.Flora of the remaining families of Schizandraceae Berberidaceae, Buxaceae, Moraceae, Grossulariaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Celastraceae, Elaeagnaceae, Hydrangaceae, Sambucaceae Viscaceae are represented by only one species for each (Fig. 2).
We determined, according to the classification of Serebriakov (1962), that 59 plant species have the life form of a tree, 29 species have the life form of a bush, and 7 species of the flora of Chornobyl belong to winding plants (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2. Taxonomic composition of plantings in the city of Chornobyl according to their presence percentages (%).
The analysis of phytocoenoses in the territory of Chornobyl showed that the cultivated dendrophytocoenoses have undergone a significant transformation over the past 35 years.Cultivated gardentype phytocoenoses (gardens, berry orchards near private houses and garden-park phytocoenoses in parks, squares and on the territory of enterprises and institutions) prevailed on the territory of the city until 1986, while natural phytocoenoses were concentrated in the coastal part on the slopes of the Pripyat River.According to K. Raunkiaer classification of life forms (Raunkiaer 1934), the species of Chornobyl dendroflora belong to phanerophytes and are divided into megaphanerophytes, mesophanerophytes, microphanerophytes and nanophanerophytes (Fig. 4).
Evergreen phanerophytes with unprotected buds comprise 6 species (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Picea pungens, Thuja occidentalis L., Juniperus communis L., J. sabina L.) and 3 forms (Juniperus squаmata Lamb.'Blue Carpet', Thuja occidentalis 'Elvangera Aurea' and Thuja occidentalis 'Fastigiata').Evergreen phanerophytes with protected buds comprise only 2 species: Buxus sempervirens L. and Viscum album L.. The remaining species belong to deciduous phanerophytes with protected buds.The Chornobyl dendroflora is dominated by introducers represented with 48 species and 6 decorative forms.Autochthonous dendroflora numbers 39 species and 2 decorative forms.65 species originate from the Circumboreal Region, 15 species originate from the East Asian Region, 6 from the Atlantic-North American Region, 5 from the Irano-Turanian Region, and 1 species from the Rocky Mountains Region (Fig. 5).Cultivated phytocoenoses have currently been preserved in a small area in the city.In the Glory park (Figs 6-7), in the recently established Chornobyl victims park (Fig. 8), in the territory of "Pivnichna pushcha" forestry enterprise of the Korohod Forestry and on some central streets (Fig. 9), where state institutions, shop and hotels operate, and on some private plots, where selfsettlers people live.The rest of the territory Chornobyl is the abandoned territory of homesteads (Figs 10-13), the territories of institutions, enterprises and organizations (Figs 14 -15), which are overgrown with self-sowing trees and bushes due to natural succession.
The largest number of species and form diversity are observed at the territories of operating enterprises, in particular, at the arboretum of Pivnichna Puscha forestry state enterprise located on an island of the Pripyat River, where 42 woody plant species are present.Many species grow in Chornobyl victims town park.Owing to systematic care, there is hardly any self-seeding on the territory of these locations, and the planted trees and bushes are in adequate condition.
The course of dendroflora transformation was significantly influenced by climate changes that took place in recent years.The average monthly temperature in April-August over the years of our research (2012-2021) according to the Chornobyl meteorological station is significantly higher than the long-term average of monthly temperature values over the past 140 years (1880-2020) (Fig. 16).Monthly precipitation over the years of the study also increased compared to the average long-term data, but it is unevenly distributed over the months (Fig. 17).Long-term droughts became more frequent, which led to the partial drying up of swamps and a decrease in the groundwater level by 1.6-2.1 m.Sandy soils filter rainwater quickly.All these processes affect the intensive self-renewal of a number of species such as Acer platanoides, Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus excelsior, F. pennsylvanica, Ulmus glabra, Prunus divaricate and P. domestica.We delineated six trial plots in order to analyze successional changes in the Chornobyl phytocenosesin Glory park (trial plot No. 1), Chornobyl victims park (trial plot No. 2), on the territory of an abandoned industrial enterprise (trial plot No. 3), on the territory of an abandoned kindergarten (trial area No. 4) and two areas on abandoned private homelands (trial area No. 5 and 6).The lowest amount of natural regeneration was found in test areas in town parks (Fig. 19), where systematic maintenance of plantings was carried out.We found a large number of Acer platanoides and A. negundo natural regeneration in test plots No. 3-6.Abundant natural regeneration of Prunus avium and Juglans regia was observed on the abandoned private estates (test plots No. 5-6).

Discussion
The urban green spaces degradation is caused by a combination of legal, economic, ecological and biological factors (Rogovskiy 2014, Rogovskiy 2019).In the abandoned homelands, plant communities are dominated by adventitious invasive species of Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia.Climatic change, in particular an increase in air temperature and a groundwater level decrease, accelerate the process of replacing native park-forming species with less valuable invasive adventive species (Rogovskiy et al. 2019, Ishchuk 2021).Regular abundant fruiting and the dispersion of seeds by wind and birds are the main reasons why these species have formed thickets on the territory of abandoned homeland gardens and kitchen gardens, as well as on the territories of enterprises and organizations.The rapid spread of these species in Polissia was confirmed by Burda (2002), Burda & Kostenko (2007) and Yavors'ka (2009).Some autochthonous species such as Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata, Betula pendula, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus minor, Carpinus betulus and Cornus alba regenerate intensively and successfully get acclimated to new territories.
Homelands are closely related to the ethnic group mentality, to the traditions of landscape arrangement of homesteads and streets, the population well-being and culture (Rogovskiy 2013).Abandoned houses of Chornobyl indicate their multi-functional use in the past.Currently, derived phytocenoses usually have two or three tiers, the upper tier is dominated by Fraxinus excelsior, Robinia pseudoacacia and Tilia cordata.Fruit species (Malus domestica, Pyrus communis, Prunus domestica), which are the remains of orchards, as well as undergrowth of Acer platanoides, Acer negundo and Ulmus minor dominate in the second tier.The lower tier is occupied by seedlings of A. negundo, Sambucus nigra, Euonymus europaeus.Acer negundo has the highest abundance confirmed by satellite monitoring data (Matsala et al. 2021).The data reveal that over the past 34 years, the afforestation of the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone has increased from 41% in 1986 to 59% in 2020.
The species mentioned above make the basis of current phytocenoses in the abandoned territories of the town of Chornobyl.The fruit trees in the former orchards are derelict, a significant part of the apple trees is invaded Viscum album, the trunks of the fruit trees are often entwined with Parthenocíssus quinquefolia vines.Natural regeneration is observed only in some varieties of Prunus avium, P. divaricata and P. domestica due to the formation of intensive root growth.Usually, in such phytocenoses, there is no grass cover due to significant shading and a large number of self-sowing trees and bushes.
On the territories of enterprises, institutions and organizations, where previously planted Rhus typhina, Populus alba, Robinia pseudoacacia grew, vegetative reproduction and expansion of the occupied territory caused by root growth are observed.Populus alba, P. nigra and P. nigra var.italica also occur in patches in the meadows of the coastal strip along the Pripyat River.The seeds of these species lose their germination relatively quickly, but they regenerate naturally in presence of sunlight and sufficient moist, (Ishchuk 2016a, Ishchuk 2016b).Seedlings of Salix alba, S. fragilis and S. Chornobyl's current dendroflora e13 Trakya Univ J Nat Sci, Online First for 24(2): X-X, 2023 acutifolia are often found in large numbers in the floodplain of the Pripyat River.However, only single selfsown plants remain until autumn due to sharp fluctuations in the groundwater and the water level in the Pripyat River during the summer (Ishchuk et al. 2018).Rhus typhina has fully acclimatized in Polissia and Forest Steppe, and, in addition to spreading by root shoots, reproduces well by seeds (Kovalchuk et al. 2022).
In abandoned parks and squares after the regular care cessation, there are a lot of self-sown adventive species mentioned above.However, the upper tiers are dominated by park species, including Fraxinus excelsior, Populus balsamifera, P. nigra, Quercus robur, Q. rubra, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos and Ulmus laevis planted in the course of the park facilities creation.The second tier is formed by Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, A. negundo, Betula pendula.The third tier is dominated by self-sowing Acer negundo and A. platanoides maples.Shrubs are practically displaced from such phytocenoses -Syringa vulgaris, Physocarpus opulifolium, Cornus alba, Sambucus nigra, Euonymus europaeus are only found occasionally on the forest edges.However, native park-forming species contribute to the Chornobyl zone ecosystem fire resistance and its resilience increase (Lasko et al. 2020).
It should be noted that Ulmus laevis and Ulmus glabra have appeared in the city over the past 10-15 years.On the outskirts of the city of Chernobyl, we found Ulmus laevis and Ulmus glabra trees affected by the pathogen Grapheme ulmi Schwarz., which leads to their gradual extinction.Some Fraxinus excelsior individuals with signs of drying caused the spread of the pathogenic fungi Hysterographium fraxini De Not and Nectria cinnabarina Tode Fr.The appearance of dry dead wood leads to the accumulation of biomass, which is a source of fires and makes it difficult to extinguish them.The risk of radionuclide spread during fires increases dramatically, especially in windy conditions.Evangeliou et al. (2015) found a positive correlation between droughts in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone and fires.The risk of fires increases due to an increase in tree shrinkage and a decrease in the rate of dead wood decomposition which affects the redistribution of cesium (137Cs) radionuclides.In addition, climate change can lead to a high risk of radioactive contamination with characteristic fire peaks in the future.In this way, the preservation of healthy green areas in Chornobyl prevents the migration of radionuclides outside the radioactive zone.
It is worth noting that self-sowing Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies are rarely found on the territory of the town.This can be explained mainly by the limited number of individuals of these species in the town.However, literature data indicate the dependence of the morphometric dimensions of pine in the Chornobyl zone on the degree of contamination of the territory with radionuclides, in particular in the Red Forest (Ioshchenko & Bondar 2009, Kuchma 2010, Brown 2019).We discovered a 2-3-year-old self-seeding Thuja occidentalis, but no self-seeding of older trees of this species were found in Chornobyl.Single self-sowing plants of Juglans cinerea on the territory of the industrial zone were also found.The insignificant amount of self-sowing of this species is explained, in our opinion, by the limited number of generative trees, the frequency of their fruiting, the low average score of fruiting in urban conditions and the fruit consumption by wild mammals and birds (Ishchuk et al.

2021).
Populus balsamifera, Populus nigra var.italica and Aesculus hippocastanum make the basis of roadside plantings in the town.In many places with no roadside plantings care the Prunus armeniaca and Juglans regia self-sowing species added to the former ones.Particularly abundant along the roads are self-sowing Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Robinia pseudoacacia (Rogovsky 2013).Street and roadside plantings of Populus balsamifera and Populus nigra are heavily affected by Viscum album.Aesculus hippocastanum plants are affected by Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic.The spread of Viscum album is facilitated by birds that feed on the seeds of this species and accelerate its spread in the town (Ishchuk 2013).

Conclusions
The taxonomic composition of the green spaces of Chornobyl city comprises 87 species and 8 decorative forms belonging to 29 families, 26 orders, 2 divisions.The Rosaceae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, Oleaceae families are characterized by the greatest species diversity.Trees dominate in the plantations of Chornobyl and make up 63% of the total vegetation, followed by bushes (30%) and vines (7%), respectively.The largest share of species belongs to mesophanerophytes and microphanerophytes with 34% and 39% respectively.Due to natural succession and the lack of proper care over the past 30 years, the plantations of the city of Chornobyl are dominated by introducers, which make up 57%.Species from the Circumboreal region are better adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Polissia and, therefore, are most widely represented in the dendroflora of the town of Chornobyl.
However, despite the high share of introducers in the park coenoses of Chornobyl, autochthonous park-forming species prevail in the upper tiers -Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata, Betula pendula, Ulmus minor, Carpinus betulus, Cornus alba and Sambucus nigra, which form a lot of self-seeding.Considerable areas are occupied by phytocenoses of orchards with the participation of Malus domestica, Pyrus communis and Prunus domestica, which are in a depressed state due to the lack of proper agrotechnical care.
The transformation of cultural phytocoenoses in the soil and climatic conditions of the city of Chernobyl over the past 30 years has led to the expansion of Acer negundo, Robinia pseudοacacia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, e14 S. Rogovskyi et al.Parthenocissus quinquefolia as invasive adventive species.Their spread is facilitated by climate change, in particular, long periodic droughts and a decrease in the level of groundwater.Self-sowing of these species, due to regular and abundant fruiting and the spread of seeds by wind and birds, occupies a dominant position in cultural phytocoenoses.
Climatic changes and the lack of proper agrotechnical care has led to decorative and fruit species being damaged by fungal infestations, in particular by Graphium ulmi Schwarz., Hysterographium fraxini De Not and Nectria cinnabarina Tode Fr. and by the semi-parasite Viscum album, which leads to their falling out of the plantations.This process contributes to the intensive spread of the adventitious species Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Parthenocissus quinquefolia and Rhus typhina in cultural phytocoenoses.
The plantations in the central part of the town of Chornobyl and on the territory of "Pivnichna Pushcha" forestry enterprise, where systematic maintenance is carried out, are in a satisfactory condition, and there is no adventitious invasive species self-seeding and growth.
Ethics Committee Approval: Since the article does not contain any studies with human or animal subject, its approval to the ethics committee was not required.
Alexandra & Norman 2020, Frantzeskaki & Bush 2021, Kirk et al. 2021, Oke et al. 2021).A number of researchers showed the positive impact of plantations on lowering the air temperature in the town (Frantzeskaki et al. 2019, Ossola et al. 2021, Ossola & Lin 2021.).In particular, Kendal et al. (2017) found out that the temperature under the canopy of trees on a sunny day drops by 4-6°C.Moreover, the average air temperature in areas covered with vegetation is 0.6-1.2°Clower than in those without vegetation (Eleftheria 2005).Some other researches also proved the positive role of urban natural infrastructure in biodiversity preservation (Ives et al. 2016, Threlfall et al. 2019, Frantzeskaki et al. 2020, United Nations Environment Programme 2021) as well as in absorbing moisture from natural precipitation and the formation of a microclimate (Lin et al. 2021, Moosavi et al. 2021), which has beneficial effects on the health and psychophysiological state of people (McDonald et al. 2018).Thus, the analysis of urban dendroflora carried out by Ossola et al. (2020) reveal the role of woody plants in preserving the biological diversity of modern cities.The importance of these studies increases with regards to climate changes -uneven distribution of precipitation during the growing season in the study area since the reduction of anthropogenic influence makes it possible to monitor the natural processes (Burda 2002, Rogovskiy et al. 2019).

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Distribution of life forms (Serebriakov 1962) of the dendroflora of the city of Chornobyl.

Fig. 17 .
Fig. 17.Average monthly precipitation data for 2012-2021 and average multi-year precipitation in Chornobyl

Table 1 .
Taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs in the city of Chornobyl.

Table 1 .
Taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs in the city of Chornobyl (Continued).

Table 1 .
Taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs in the city of Chornobyl (Continued).

Table 2 .
Taxonomic composition and number of trees and bushes aged between 1-10 years and grown naturally on the test plots.